Modernism in Two Poems by Marianne Moore

Introductionâ€Å"The most serious poetry today is still modernist. Modernism in literature is not easily  summarized, but the key elements are experimentation, anti-realism, individualism, and a stress on the cerebral rather than emotive aspects† (Wills 24). To some extent, Marianne Moore's poems The Fish and A Grave really follow the discussed modernist principles, but it is difficult to agree that Moore completely denies emotiveness and replaces it with modernist cerebral attributes. As a result, it is possible to assume that The Fish and A Grave are the two examples of non-traditional modernist writing, in which experimentation, realism, and individualism are combined with unusual writing techniques, complicated poem structure, and extreme emotiveness.To start with, The Fish and A Grave display vivid similarities in the tone of writing, and the use of similar images. â€Å"The barnacles which encrust the side of the wave† in The Fish are evidently similar and are almost parallel to â€Å"the blades of the oars / moving together like the feet of water-spiders† in A Grave: the unpleasant and almost tragic character of water in both poems is critical to understanding the modernist implications of both poetic works. However, in order to completely realize the scope and meaning of Moore's modernist verses, we should analyze each poem separately.â€Å"Repeated / evidence has proved that it can live / on what cannot revive / its youth. The sea grows old in it† (Moore 32). This is where we face the complicatedness and incomprehension of modernist poetry. What did Moore want to say with this passage? Is it that she imagined nature in its full purposefulness which was not characteristic of traditional classical poetry? It is more probable that a thirty-year-old poet was striving to express her sympathies with the nature, which she persistently viewed as deeply abused.The description of nature's violence, its wholeness, the sea as the sou rce of physical injury and actually a threat to a human life – these are the signs of modernism in Moore's writing. Having depicted nature as the threat of violence, Moore risked causing misinterpretation of the literary and sensual implications in The Fish. For many of those who have read The Fish, violence in poetry may initially seem inappropriate and confusing. Yet this is not a reader's mistake: Moore was really trying to show the nature in its power which bordered on violence against human beings. â€Å"The water drives a wedge / of iron through the iron edge / of the cliff†, and the â€Å"external marks of abuse† (Moore 32) is the combination of nature's violence and the violence against nature; it is the combination of the two incompatible elements, which is the distinguishing feature of poetic modernism.The modernism of The Fish is in that Moore was actually trying to combine the incompatible images, allusions, implications, and ideas. The initially inc ompatible conjunction of accidental and purposeful is another distinguishing feature of modernism in Moore's poem. Criticizing Moore's works, Heuving writes that â€Å"it should not be surprising that ‘the chasm side is dead', but if the chasm side is dead, ravaged as it clearly has been by the force of water it contains, how does it live on the barnacles that adhere to its surface? Why does the sea, clearly the most active and powerful force in this scene, grow old within this teeming shelter?† (29)Moore neither answers these questions, nor provides the reader with a single opportunity to find these answers anywhere else within the poem. The reader finds himself in the slow motion of the undersea world, with which he is hardly familiar, and which seems even more threatening and complicated through Moore's descriptions: â€Å"All / external / marks of abuse are present on this / defiant edifice† (Moore 32).Moore writes her poem in a way to create an image of sini ster beauty of the sea she describes. The rhythm of her poetic lines does not break the smooth and threatening movement of the undersea. The eight stanzas of the poem display the evident and easily noticeable repetition of the consonants, as if waves create a cyclic sound pattern. â€Å"Whereupon the stars, /   pink, / rice-grains, ink-/ bespattered jelly fish, crabs like green / lilies and submarine /   toadstools, slide each on the other† (Moore 32).While the sea is the central image in The Fish, A Grave is the expression of Moore's impossibility to see this sea. Some â€Å"man looking into the sea† seems to close â€Å"the view from those who have as much right to it as / you have it to yourself† (Moore 49). A Grave is frequently interpreted as the expression of Moore's feminism: â€Å"Moore calls attention to two difficulties here: the problem of seeking through a man, including a man's viewpoint, and the related problem of establishing herself as a cen tered speaker when she cannot stand ‘in the middle of this' (Wills 110). However, modernism of A Grave is not in its feminist expressions, but rather in the opacity of its meanings and the confusion of various symbolic implications similar to those in The Fish.Modernism in poetry is invariably linked to difficulties of interpretation, and these interpretation difficulties and ambiguities are evident in both The Fish and A Grave. Moore has been extremely individual in her modernist expressions, and the poetic structure of A Grave again suggests that poetic modernism may and probably should exist in the area of extreme emotions. The sense of crisis makes both poems similarly modernist: the description of nature and its scenes are central to both poems, and it is very probable that Moore seeks resolution of her crisis in those natural sceneries.â€Å"The wrinkles progress among themselves in a phalanx – beautiful / under networks of foam, / and fade breathlessly while the sea rustles in and out of the / seaweed† (Moore 49). The two poems seem to create a single line of nature's threat and power. This â€Å"violent† line of nature is developed in The Fish, where Moore emphasizes the threat of nature towards a man; this line of nature's abuse reaches its climax in A Grave, where Moore asserts that â€Å"the sea has nothing to give but a well excavated grave† (Moore 49).The rhythm of Moore's A Grave is another display of modernism in her poetry. Moore seems to treat her rhythms and stanzas with almost painful desire to keep the rhyme. The reader is frequently obsessed by an impression that the rhythm of the poem prevails over its meaning. Yet, modernist writings are traditionally characterized by unusual and often difficult rhymes. The combination of complex stanzas with complicated meanings and literary implications makes certain works of modernist writing completely incomprehensible.This is not the case with Marianne Moore. Each l ine makes the rhymes enervated, and creates an unusual combination of the sea's threat and immobility: â€Å"the birds swim through the air at top sped, emitting cat-calls [†¦] and the ocean, under the pulsation of lighthouses and noise of / bell-buoys, / advances as usual, looking as if it wee not that ocean in which / dropped things are bound to sink† (Moore 49). The heavy contrast in this passage creates the impression of a deceptive revelation: one might think that the sea and its threats were unreal and were produced by an ill mind.However, it is a surface feeling: a Man and the sea are real. The word â€Å"consciousness† with which Moore concludes her poem, is the ultimate expression of her position against the described Man and against the sea as the grave for humanity. â€Å"Moore reserves her climactic position for the quality of attentiveness to self and to ‘other' which is her highest aesthetic and moral value, while giving her sea the last word, the last hiss† (Martin 63).ConclusionPoetic modernism was traditionally viewed as the combination of several critical attributes: poetic individualism, self-expression, complicatedness of writing, and emotional indifference. Moore has completely denied these approaches: poetic modernism cannot live without emotions. On the contrary, Moore's modernism in itself stems from the climactic emotions the poet wanted to express and to deliver to her reader. Poetic modernism of Marianne Moore is something more than the self-expression and the description of individualistic regressions. In Moore's hands modernism becomes global, challenging, and almost revolutionary. For many of us the sea and its threats will look as the end of everything, A Grave for humanity; yet, in Moore's vision it is only the beginning of everything that is meaningful to a person.Works CitedHeuving, J. Omissions Are Not Accidents: Gender in the Art of Marianne Moore. Detroit,Wayne State, 1992.Martin, T. Marianne Moore: Subversive Modernist. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1986.Moore, M. â€Å"A Grave†. In M. Moore, Complete Poems, Penguin Classics, 1994, p. 49.Moore. M. â€Å"The Fish†. In M. Moore, Complete Poems, Penguin Classics, 1994, pp. 32.Wills, P. Marianne Moore: Woman and Poet. National Poetry Foundation, Inc., 1990. Modernism In Two Poems By Marianne Moore Marianne Moore was one of the eminent poetesses of the Modern times. An integral contributor to the modern American literature, Moore’s poetry is considered as a linkage between nature and the human world. She alludes to scientific and historical knowledge and tries to evade literary allusions to prevent her from being casted as a stereo-type. Her poems are full of keen observations and generally hold up the images of birds, butterflies, animals, landscapes of England and New York. She is a â€Å"literalist of the imagination† who can â€Å"present for inspection†¦imaginary gardens with real toads in them.†In A Grave, Moore begins with a meditation on the impossibility of seeing the sea, when a â€Å"Man looking into the sea† takes â€Å"the view from those who have as much right to it as you have to it yourself.† Moore calls attention to two difficulties here: the problem of seeing â€Å"through† a man, including a man's viewpoint, and the related problem of establishing herself as a centered speaker when she cannot stand â€Å"in the middle of this.† Moore's depiction of the sea correspondingly emphasizes its opacity over its translucency and its surface activities over its symbolic meanings.While Moore may well have written this poem out of a personal crisis that involved thoughts of suicide, the speaker reminds herself that to seek relief in the sea is not to be mirrored in any improved way or to be freed of her. The speaker works her way out of her crisis by establishing and confronting the actuality or literality of the sea and of death, and her difference from them. The sea interestingly, in Moore's poem is not a reflective object but a grave. Also, it is man’s careful acts, that is, his surface activities that save him and not his self- projections. Men â€Å"lowering nets† unconsciously â€Å"desecrate this grave,† â€Å"as if there were no such thing as death,† the speak er of this poem, conscious of the ultimate meaning of penetrating the depths of the sea, trains her vision to the surface:â€Å"The wrinkles progress among themselves in a phalanx—beautiful under networks of foam  the tortoise-shell scourges about the feet of the cliffs, inmotion beneath them;†The end of the poem marks its intensity. Unlike the exposition, the last lines of the lyric compel us to view the surroundings and not just concentrate on the opacity of the sea surface. A forced consciousness of the meditation on the outer scene is emphasized by the poetess. The sound of birds and bell-buoys make â€Å"noises† which break the ambience of a visual representation of the situation. The poem resolves with its initial perspective of assuming something as what it is not and an intrigue picture of the ocean’s opacity in the concluding lines:â€Å"and the ocean, under the pulsation of lighthouse and noise of  bell buoys,  advances as usual, looking as if it were not that ocean in  which dropped things are bound to sink—  in which if they turn and twist, it is neither with volition nor  consciousness.†For Moore, in A Grave, meditation on the sea becomes meditation on the limits of human power and human language, and immersion, literal or figurative, threatens dissolution. â€Å"Death† is the central theme of the poem with an under cutting allusion to Moore's own brother’s death. Many critics have tried to see the poem in the light of Moore’s feminist voice. In the poem, as many critics believe, Moore defines the male dominium and tries to break it with her strong and persuasive words. A grave is a place where dead things are put to rest, but Moore's A Grave is a locus of vital and challenging re-vision.The poems of Marianne Moore have arguments, often difficult to follow but always worth the effort. Distrustful of overt emotion, her poems rely on understatement and reserve to create it, a s in the simple What are Years? or the penetrating A Grave. What Are Years? is a stellar lyric which ends by paradoxically equating a bird's joyful song with both mortality and eternity? Both the poems have a dominating â€Å"sea imagery†. The tone of morality in both the poems is unsurpassable. The genesis of these poems can be owed to the World War II. These two poems are typical of Moore’s. These are not meant for the pleasure of reflection.They refuse to be simpler than the world is and make more sense when read again and again until one understands the perspective for which they are written. Moore exploits imagery and visuals from the nature and embeds them in her poems. The linking of morality with a bird in What are Years? is quite similar to the theme of death and survival in A Grave. The poems deal with the strong imagery of the sea-how in one poem it is â€Å"continuing† and in the other, â€Å"the sea is a collector, quick to return a rapacious look. † The imagery of bird or flying is also present in both the poems.This imagery is evident to prove the aspiration of the speaker to be free and boundless. In both the poems, Moore indicates the sea’s power to erode and destroy; strongly alluded in A Grave and subtly done in What are Years. A deep penetration of this concept might find it’s parallel to the society and humanity- the dominium of man over everything and his struggle to free himself. This idea or concept might be traced to the World War aftermath. The vulnerability of the society and the deterioration was enough to evoke the modernist flame inside Moore to conceptualize the social, political and economical conditions into a poetic expression.Many American poets see Moore as one of the monuments of modernism, up there with Robert Frost and Wallace Stevens. Vision and viewpoint, an integral quality of modernist poets is present in the poems of Moore as well. She once wrote that poems were â€Å"imagina ry gardens with real toads in them.† Her poems are conversational, yet elaborate and subtle in their syllabic versification, drawing upon extremely precise description and historical and scientific fact. A â€Å"poet's poet,† she influenced such later poets as her young friend Elizabeth Bishop. A Grave â€Å"offered Bishop, as it offers us, an example of how a woman well-versed in the literary tradition, rather than capitulating to the convention of female silence, can wield that tradition and write her own eloquent verses.†To conclude, in the words of eminent literary critic, Jeredith Merrin, â€Å"Her ocean/grave represents death, humanity's common enemy, and yet her sea as re-former of inherited poetic patterns acts too as Nature's and Woman's ally. The heavy sibilance throughout Moore's poem (in all versions) reminds us of Satan, of the serpentine and treacherous ladies of Romantic poetry, of the actual foaming ocean that advances and retreats over the shing le of land, and of mortality which menaces and circumscribes our lives.But with her insistent sound-play–e.g., â€Å"you cannot stand in the middle of this†; â€Å"repression. . . is not the most obvious characteristic of the sea†; â€Å"their bones have not lasted†Ã¢â‚¬â€œMoore also hisses back at Man, and at the arrogant male poet in particular, who arrogates to himself dominion, who is always trying â€Å"to stand in the middle of a thing.† By choosing to conclude her poem with the word â€Å"consciousness,† Moore reserves that climactic position for the quality of attentiveness to self and to â€Å"other† which is her highest aesthetic and moral value, while giving her sea (as retributive force) the last word, the last hiss.†ReferencesMarianne Moorehttp://www.poets.org/poet.php/prmPID/96On Marianne Moore's Life and Career http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/poets/m_r/moore/life.htmMarianne (Craig) Moore (1887-1972) http://www.k irjasto.sci.fi/mmoor.htmTHE POEMS OF MARIANNE MOORE  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE2DE1F3FF937A35752C0A9629C8B63 The Collected Essays and Criticism -By Clement Greenberg, Johnhttp://books.google.com/books?id=N5yfxzOr4j8C&pg=PA85&lpg=PA85&dq=%22what+are+years%22&source=web&ots=8EvqzAyM3v&sig=pchzURGxqaSTHBL3I-kmOagGf-g#PPA85,M1

Corporate governance: Business Issues and Ethics

Q1. Q1.Corporate administration is defined the procedure, such as the procedures of end definition and control, by which stockholders seek to guarantee that ‘their’ company is run in conformity with their purposes. In a broader sense, it comprises all histrions that contribute to the accomplishment of stakeholder ends outdoors and inside the company. In the narrow sense, it comprises the direction and stockholders of the company as the chief histrions.In public-listed organisation, corporate administration is needed because there is a principal-agent relation arose by the separation of ownership and control. The relationship is delicate due to being non framed in a contract. The followers will analyze: The stockholders have some rights, for illustration, vote in the general meeting, selling their stock and actioning the directors for misconduct. Besides, directors are duty for pull offing the belongings of stockholders in their involvements, including planning schemes and determination devising. They besides have some responsibilities, such as moving for the benefits of the company, responsibility of attention and accomplishments thanks to effectual and efficiency operation and responsibility of diligence. Therefore, the relationship between stockholders and managers should be near. In the state of affairs, the directors control the company but stockholders merely control indirectly their belongingss. It seems the stockholders are chief and direction is an agent to move in their involvement with the boundary of the company. In fact, both have struggle of involvement. The ground is that the outlooks of stockholders are to seek net income and increase portion monetary value and repute of the company. They think directors act in shareholders’ best involvements. However, directors expect to hold more power and higher wage, including fillip and benefit. Their action is based on their opportunism, non stockholders. For case, the directors may cut down the quality of merchandises for salvaging money in order to themselves involvement. Sometimes, it leads to drop the company’s repute. Hence, their behaviour differs from shareholders’ outlooks. Besides, the higher the director wage is, the more the outgo of the company is. In add-on, informational dissymmetry is that stockholders have limited cognition and penetration into the ends and makings of directors. Directors know more superiorinformation of the company than shareholders’ . In other words, a party knows some relevant information but non all parties. Sometimes, directors pursue self involvement so that it leads to stockholders loss and inefficient operation of the company. In the above quandary, corporate administration can equilibrate the involvements of many stakeholders in a company, for illustration, its stockholders, community, clients and direction. What is more, it provides a model for accomplishing the aims of a company. It has assorted models in planetary, including Asiatic theoretical account and Anglo-American theoretical account.There are three chief ethical jobs arose by corporate administration, as followers:First of wholly, the ethical issue is fiscal markets and insider trading. Although the premise of a perfect market is that stock monetary value reflects all publically available information, in fact, it is hard in the universe because of bad religion stocks. The ‘dot-com’ bubble means a company does non do any or do less net income but there is worth on the market. The bond is based on guess without to the full uncovering sum of uncertainness. Furthermore, a batch of pensionaries use their financess to put in many bonds l ost some parts of their income. That is to state, stock market does non to the full show the sum of uncertainness when stock monetary value consists of an component of guess. Nevertheless, institutional investors use other people’s money to put the stocks. The state of affairs reflects the investors wholly abuse others’ trust. Insider trading is that a portion of investors in the market have superior cognitions compared with others. When stock is sold or bought based on non-public information, insider trading arises at the minute. The ground is that staff and direction of a company must cognize early events which impact on its portion monetary value, insiders may take unnatural net income or avoid loss. Sometimes, staff in the company decides to exert their options or sell their portions based on their inside information. At the same clip, the action besides leads to unfairness, embezzlement of belongings, undermining of fiducial relationship and injury to bargainers and the market. Second, there is executive wage. ‘Fact cat’ wage is a charge for the outgo of CEO and directors, such as committee and fillip. The sum of wage is excessively monolithic. The job is that there is a serious contrast between their wages and public presentation. And so, it is of import about the involvement of stockholders and directors. In tonss of states, the growing of their wages outstrips shareholders’ returns. If their wage is higher, it amendss shareholders’ value and increases the company’s load even settlement. The ground is that higher wage paid leads to the lower net income property to stockholders. Therefore, a great trade of executive salary consists of portion and portion options to aline stockholders and managers’ involvement today. If the wage is related to performance-related wage, executives would endeavor to increase portion monetary value and shareholders’ returns. It leads to higher wages and fillips for the executives. Finally, the ethic job is about amalgamations and acquisitions. The original aim of amalgamations and acquisitions is to acquir an plus transferred from an proprietor to another proprietor because it will increase wealth on the company. Leaving the plus can cut down uneffective direction and higher costs. Sometimes, the amalgamations and acquisitions may be unsuccessful. It leads to blow money, resource and clip. It is critical that the aim would be distorted by directors because directors may prosecute involvements that differ from stockholders involvements and it exist struggle of involvement. On one side, executives pursue prestigiousness and repute. On the other side, stockholders seek net income and portion monetary value. Hostile coup d'etats, which are one of amalgamations, occur when an investor or a group of investors want to purchase a major stock of a company against the desire of its board. The stockholders of the company want to sell but the remainder stockholders do non desire to sell. In a company, there is different sentiment on the event. Merely if stockholders are willing to sell their portions, the hostile coup d'etats would rapidly interfere the staying shareholders’ belongingss. At the same clip, it besides arise other jobs. For illustration, they provide aureate parachute, a batch of money. Or, directors in secret send greenmail to the hostile coup d'etats because they intend to maintain their place after amalgamations. Apart from that, the company may reconstitute and downsize and it will originate more ethical issue, such as firing staff. Except the above three ethical jobs, corporate administration would do other ethical jobs. Q2.Suppliers and purchasers ever cause many different jobs. One of them is the abuse of power which is unequal state of affairss between both parties and would impact industry profitableness. By and large, the power of purchasers and providers is based on resource dependance theory. The theory depends on the grade on the party’s resources. The power is affected by two factors, as followers:Resource scarceness is the grade to which the parties have or lack the merchandises. That is, it is the extent of the goods’ panic. For case, the provider has adequate resources, and purchasers are less importance and dependance on the provider so that the provider wields power over the purchasers, or frailty versa. Resource public-service corporation is the degree to which the parties need or do non necessitate the trade. In other words, it is the extent of the goods’ utility for the party. For illustration, the supplier’s resources are utile and the purchaser dependance on the provider, as a consequence, the provider wields power over the purchasers, or frailty versa. Dickering poweris the ability of a party ( A ) in a state of affairs to exercise influence over another party in a trade in order to accomplish a trade which is benefit to A. Harmonizing to the above factors, there is a simple sum-up. When a supplier’s resources are sufficient and non of import to purchaser, or the buyer’s resources are scarce and critical to the provider, the purchaser may hold more bargaining power than the supplier’s. Conversely, if the supplier’s resource has less scare and is of import to the purchaser, the provider has dickering power over the purchaser. When a party exercises power over another’s one, the power may be abused or used lawfully. Therefore, the power should be used suitably. In short term, providers obtain benefit and net income advantages if they gain exerting extra power. In long term, nevertheless, the cumulative state of affairs has disadvantages because the purchasers find other providers who lose the clients. Besides, possible purchasers may fall in with other purchasers to increase force per unit area on the provider, or providers compose co-ops to confront the powerful purchasers. Therefore, they may alter the state of affairs. They can reason selling monetary value, restricted conditions and so on.There are two of import factors that affect the procedure of globalisation. They drive globalisation in concern, as followers:Cost advantagesParties pursue the lower cost for production, including natural stuff, labor and constituents.Gramovernment influenceThere are different criterions for ordinance, such as working patterns, safety and environment protection. When providers put into planetary, they should see four state of affairss, as followers:Calciferolifferent manner of making concernThere are assorted civilization and impressions in the universe. When people from different states face same state of affairs, they have different thought and rating so that their behavior is easy contradiction. For giving gift, graft and corruptness between providers and purchasers, assorted states have assorted attitudes, for illustration, citizens in China like giving gift which is friendly niceness. Sometimes, a gift is hard to make up one's mind whether it is bribery or courtesy. On one manus, the behavior of graft is an offense. On the other manus, rejecting gift besides harms the concern relationship and jeopardises the trade. There are ethical quandaries so that many states would hold tolerated gift-giving patterns and apply assorted restrictions on gift. Besides, the purpose of giving nowadays is considered. It should be regarded as acceptable when giving gift is without an purpose to obtain advantages, if it is non perceived and if it does non hold any consequence. If a provider and a purchaser exchange gift and it is non that merely one party provides gift to another for a long clip, it is acceptable. In fact, it is hard to separate which is pure giving gift, graft or corruptness. The job still exists in different states and houses.Impacts on autochthonal concernSuppliers from other counties enter into local and they would see cost and other advantages to compare with local rivals. Furthermore, they may harm autochthonal houses by presenting strong competition in labor and merchandise. The significance is that providers from other states may installation local suppliers’ settlement or resettlement. It will impact local industries and take to more cardinal societal and economic decay.Calciferoliffering labor andenvironmentcri terions‘Race to the bottom’ occurs when the demand is for the lower-cost production in developing states. The method can help providers to salvage some money. It may do some ethical issues for providers because lower costs consist of less environmental protection, hapless labour conditions, and lower attending to safety and wellness. Furthermore, the providers may supply compulsory overtime, naming child labor, below life pay and failed to hold statutory rights to clip off recognized. In add-on, they may utilize unsafe chemicals that cause serious harm to human and environmental wellness in developing states.Tocopherolxtended concatenation of dutyThe deduction of planetary supply is that single providers are faced with the chance of an drawn-out concatenation of duty. No longer acceptable to reason that the moralss of providers impact on their rivals was merely non any of their concern. The assorted economic and societal conditions show in other states, every bit good as the inequalities brought to the surface by international trade. It means that the flat playing field, which is caused by international concern, is replaced with the sloping and rough playing surface of globalisation. Mention: Andrew Crane & A ; Dirk Matten,Business moralss: Oxford, 3rd edition Assignment 2

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Must Atheology Prove Gods Nonexistence (Willian L. Rowe Evil is Evidence against Theistic Belief) - Essay Example Rowe considers the view of the theists that there exists an all powerful, all-knowing, perfectly good being (God) as ‘restricted theism’ as it â€Å"does not include any claim that is not entailed by it† (183). To find out whether the occurrence of evils in the world lower the likelihood of God’s existence, Rowe brings out two premises based on which he concludes that God does not exist. The two premises are, Rowe points out that theists have to reject either one of these premises if they have to prove the existence of God, and that they mostly accept the second premise, thereby rejecting the first one. Therefore, the theists will have to accept the fact that for every horrendous evil that takes place, there has to be an outweighing good for which God has no way of materializing without permitting the evil. Rowe provides two analogies to counter the argument that there is a justifying reason for God to permit horrendous evils. One is of a fawn horribly burned in a forest fire caused by lightning. It dies only after five days and has to undergo intense suffering until then, lying on the forest floor. The second analogy is of a five year old girl brutally beaten, raped, and strangled in Flint, Michigan, on New year’s day a few years ago. In both the cases, it cannot be argued that the suffering inflicted on the fawn and the girl are justifiable for some reason, as they personally do not benefit anything from the suffering and die without getting any relief. Rowe goes on to analyze two theistic responses to these analogies that point to the non-existence of God. The first one addresses the first premise and argues that the fact that we fail to understand the good that is meant by God when seemingly meaningless suffering is inflicted on us. The analogy of a child that is put to suffering by its parents for an unavoidable surgical procedure

IMPERIALISM, VEBLEN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

IMPERIALISM, VEBLEN - Essay Example Even so, the rise of World War 1 proved otherwise, by the time Veblen was writing Absentee Ownership, which he did in 1923; capitalism had done more harm than good. The financial management was poor, the cost was rising and the economy was becoming less productive and less competitive. The fruits of technology were not being realized. That is where Veblen argued that the economy or the market was organized in a way that there was a ‘free lunch’ privileges for some people. Some group of people could seize the income without really contributing to the production process. The power and ownership of property was rewarded more than labor. At this time, the economy sought to guide the economic policies and those in power only served their own interests. In his entire economic theory, Veblen is critical to the issue of imperialism, militarism, patriotism, nationalism, and emulative consumption. The greatest economist of all time analyzes capitalism as it is reflected in the lar ge corporations, financial institutions, imperialism, militarism and patriotism. He does this by looking at how society is divided into the groups; the leisure class, and the rest of the population. The leisure class is there to exploit the others while the rest of the population is characterized by workmanship which is constantly rejecting leisure group resulting in a social conflict. The social conflicts exist in much society either in form of slavery, feudalism or capitalism. As a result, the society is divided into two distinct classes (Veblen 12). In modern times, they can be termed as the exploit and the industry. The industry means innovation or creation of new things while the exploit seizing other peoples work or innovation. For that reason, to maintain the status quo, and prevent war, some form of military must be in place to ensure that war is prevented. In addition, to ensure that the power remains only on the hand of the few patriotism exist to ensure that those who sup ports the status quo are greatly rewarded. Veblen regarded patriotism as the collective expression of what he called the archaic human propensity (Veblen 165). He argued that patriotism was being used by interest of capitalism to legitimize imperialism condemned imperialism on the ground that it retarded the economic growth and it was wasteful. Emulative consumption, according to him was a personal treadmill. This means that there was no possibility of progress. There was no way possible to escape the cycle. According to him, the power to rule over the society depended on the ability to control the ideologies and the emotions of the rest of the society and that was only possible to those who controlled the modes of production. Comparison of Veblen’s Ideas about Imperialism with Each of Hobson’s, Lenin’s And Luxemburg’s Views of Imperialism Imperialism can be defined as the highest stage of capitalism. It is a concept in a left theory of politics which sho ws the aggressive nature and characteristics of modern capitalism. The term, over the time keeps changing in meaning, from the classical Marxist theory to present day. Different scholars have different meaning of what really imperialism means. Hobson, for example, explains it as a symptom of capitalist crisis. According to him, capitalism has moved beyond its competitive stage to another high level characterized by a

Orientalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Orientalism - Essay Example depiction of Arab world by the media, literature and films, which were full of sensual women who were there to be used by men and East was depicted as a mysterious place full of secrets. This had no link with the people, who actually lived there, says Said. Said calls this viewpoint, orientalism and emphasises that this orientalist approach was creating an image outside history as if the life of the orient was placid, still and eternal. He elaborates his argument by saying that this was actually the creation of an ideal ‘other’. In the next part, orientalism is located by Said in the context of imperial conquest. Said reminds that Napolian invaded Egypt not only with his army, but with scientists, architects, philologists, biologists, historians etc. Said says that the job of these non-military people was to record Egypt for the Europians, conveniently suiting the invader’s ideology. The second section also specifically deals with American orientalism. According t o Said, the ideas of Britain and France of the orient were weaved around direct experience of ruling these nations but US never directly occupied the east or Middle East and so their experience was indirect. So, says Said, the American orientalism is much more based on abstractions. And he adds that American orientalism is politicized by the presence of Israel. Said reminds us that there is no word spoken in US about the dispossessed millions in Palestine and the prolonged Israeli occupation of Gaza but Hamas is depicted as villains who kill Israeli children.. So the average American never gets the opportunity to see without prejudice, the real Arab world, says Said. Said enters the contemporary realm at this stage and goes on to say that orientalism today is mainly, the demonisation of Islam in the news and popular culture. He states that always the Muslims are shown dressed in black, wearing masks and conducting violent acts, by the media. Terrorism, which is incorrectly named as Islamic

The concept and characteristics of Leadership viewed through the Essay

The concept and characteristics of Leadership viewed through the JoHari Window - Essay Example The Johari window is often referred to as a ‘Disclosure/feedback’ model of self awareness and as a tool for processing information. It’s a self awareness tool because it represents information on feelings, attitudes, views, skills, intentions, experiences and motivation that a person presents in relation to his team, from four different angles. The two main concepts behind the Johari window is that the individuals are able to foster relations based on trust by simply disclosing personal information about themselves and secondly, they can become better persons by dealing with personal issues with the assistance obtained from others [Chapman 2003]. Essentially, better understanding between individuals and groups can be created with the assistance of the Johari window. It is also applicable to the leadership of an organization as it is in understanding the concept of the Johari window that leaders are able to understand the value and importance of self disclosure. This then results to their appreciation of giving and receiving personal feedback. When the Johari window is administered with sensitivity, the team members are able to build trusting relationships amongst themselves, are able to deal with problems and consequently be more effective as a team. This automatically leads to improved productivity within the organization, which is an objective for any goal oriented organization. Loft and Ingham, the founders of the Johari window, divided this window into four quadrants as show below: Quadrant 1 Open Area /Public Area/ The arena Quadrant2 Blind Area / Blind Spot Quadrant 3 Hidden Area Quadrant 4 Unknown Area Open Area | Public Area | The arena This quadrant represents the areas that are known by both ourselves and others. These areas are such as our strengths and weaknesses which we openly choose to share with and display to others. Information known in this quadrant is both factual and behavioral. Factual information is such as one's name and place of residence. While behavioral information includes: wants, needs, feelings etc. This quadrant is a basic description of who one is. Whenever individuals meet for the first time, the size of this quadrant is small and individuals have the choice of whether or not to expand it by exchanging information. Blind Area / Blind Spot This quadrant represents the traits that others know about an individual but are unknown to the individual. These traits could be positive or negative and have an influence on how others respond towards the individual. These traits could be as simple as appearance or as complex as feelings of insecurity, inadequacy and incompetence. More often than not, it is difficult to communicate these traits to an individual as it may sometimes be viewed to be degrading or attacking. This poses a problem as the relationship can be compromised. Hidden / Avoided Area This quadrant represents information that an individual knows about himself but is unknown to others. Unless the individual deliberately decides to reveals this information, it remains unknown. Feelings of trust and comfort usually encourage people to reveal more about themselves and consequently, the window shade is pulled down;

Family Values Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family Values - Essay Example And when the mother is not there and the child gets hurt (in an accident at the playing field) it is the brothers and sisters who take care of their sibling. Home and family atmosphere is enriched and strengthens by a belief in helping out each other, confessing and positively reacting to human needs for comfort and a lifelong support. This also involves viewing other’s mistakes as humans and not robots because computers and robots are not programmed to forgive or forget (Petersons, 2003). The members of the family know that human needs are satiated through effective and productive relationships. That is why even when there is a fight, it eventually ends as family members succumb to their dependence on other family members and this serves to strengthen the family bonds. Only the physical wellbeing is not necessary. Healthy mental and cognitive development is also the need for healthy life. That is why two most crucial aspects in the development of healthy and productive (to the society and to the family) behavior nurture at home, not the GPs clinic. These aspects are; Families that are live like a closely knitted unit and take care of each other form a real impetus of a healthy lifestyle. This concept is deeply rooted in nursing theories. Following are the fundamental concepts that are tied with family care in my area of practice. (a) Commitment: committing to anything, person, notion, philosophy or object bears the fruit. Same principle applies in nursing practice and the model of family care. This concept of family care applies not only in my area of practice but on all forefronts. Commitment is just another name for will power. And it is this will power that makes the family stay united and look out for each other. (b) Appreciation and affection: It is only natural for parents to encourage their young ones when they achieve even

The Concept of marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Concept of marriage - Essay Example Marriages are inspired by a number of factors that include emotional, traditions, and financial stability among others. Marriage union are perceived lawfully by an express, groups, religious gathering and associates. However, a marriage union can be dissolved through divorce or annulment, an element that would affect the life of the couples and children’s (Gough 24). History of marriage presents an intriguing piece of information with citations from religious backgrounds and ancient societies offering a clear insight about the onset of marriage. The Bible portrays marriage as a union that would attach a great deal of importance to the relationship and involved rules and rituals that had to be followed till the union was formalized (Hahn 31). Gifts and dowry would feature before the bride is given away. Unions were inspired by love and characters like Jacob are portrayed as those who were ready to sacrifice time, sweat, and blood to have a partner of his choice. He works for seven years for Rachael, but instead receives Leah. He has to work seven more years for Leah. The Bible demonstrates a history of unions that were characterized with polygamy. An openly biased union would allow men more than one partner. However, adulterous women would receive a death penalty. The communities would have special tents for the women whose privacy was maintained at all times. Even the husbands had no access to such places. This approach changes in the New Testament where the main character who happens to be Jesus Christ proposes a one-man-one-wife affair. This aspect has influenced many marriages in modern societies today (May 33). Ancient societies like Greece and Roman share some history of cultures that were shaped by an element of marriage too. The Greece would formalize marriage union with an agreement from both parties to have each other as husband and wife (Psychology Today 1). Age was an important element in marriages with young men marrying

Emerging Logistics Strategy Essay Example for Free

Emerging Logistics Strategy Essay The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe the emerging business logistics strategies which have emerged in the market place over the last few decades and will remain dominant well into the better half of twenty first century. Analysis through this work will argue that the two strategic concepts, namely supply chain integration and cycle time compression, represent distinctly different yet complementary approaches to corporate logistics which form the frameworks around which hundreds of firms are building successful logistics system. INTRODUCTION Logistics Strategy is the science of evaluating the most cost effective methodology of distributing goods to market while achieving service level objectives. It is important for companies to recognize that logistics strategy can be product-specific, customer-specific, and location-specific and that supply chains for each industry are dynamic and evolving. It is always a challenge for logistics strategy planners to develop a series of logistics strategies for different clients, integrating manpower, facilities and workflow in the logistics strategies together to compromise with other clients’ logistics strategies. The choice of an appropriate and effective logistics strategy must be guided by the objectives of the firm as well as by its capabilities and resources. In addition, the development of successful logistics strategy must recognize and deal with important factors and conditions in the firm’s external business environment. The environment of logistics has changed greatly because of global integration and the gradual shortening of lifecycles of products. For that reason a brief overview of what are, perhaps, the most significant of these factors in the business environment like increasing globalization, mergers and acquisitions, downsizing, new IT systems etc. are also discussed. In this paper, contemporary logistics strategy and evolution of emerging strategies like SCM and Cycle time reduction will be explained. Implementation issues and other challenges like reaping the benefits of IT,  choosing a trade-off between complementary strategies; integration issues etc. are elaborately discussed. This paper will mostly discuss the logistics strategy which the companies are adopting to succeed in the emerging markets like India, China etc. Emerging markets are becoming hot destinations for carrying out business mainly because of access to low cost labors and material. However at the same time how the firm mitigates the risk associated with doing business in foreign territory and how it manages the associated cost of transportation will also be discussed. Logistics Strategy and its importance When a company creates a logistics strategy it is defining the service levels at which its logistics organization is at its most cost effective. Because supply chains are constantly changing and evolving, a company may develop a number of logistics strategies for specific product lines, specific countries or specific customers. The supply chain constantly changes and that will affect any logistics organization. To adapt to the flexibility of the supply chain, companies should develop and implement a formal logistics strategy. This will allow a company to identify the impact of imminent changes and make organizational or functional changes to ensure service levels are not reduced. Parameters Involved in Developing a Logistic Strategy A company can start to develop a logistics strategy by looking at four distinct levels of their logistics organization. * Strategic: By examining the company’s objectives and strategic supply chain decisions, the logistics strategy should review how the logistics organization contributes to those high-level objectives. * Structural: The logistics strategy should examine the structural issues of the logistics organization, such as the optimum number of warehouses and distribution centers or what products should be produced at a specific manufacturing plant. * Functional: Any strategy should review how each separate function in the logistics organization is to achieve functional excellence. * Implementation: The key to developing a successful logistics strategy is how it is to be implemented across the organization. The plan for implementation will include development or configuration of an information system, introduction  of new policies and procedures and the development of a change management plan. Components to Examine when Developing a Logistics Strategy When examining the four levels of logistics organization, all components of the operation should be examined to ascertain whether any potential cost benefits can be achieved. There are different component areas for each company but the list should at least include the following: * Transportation: Does the current transportation strategies help service levels? * Outsourcing: What outsourcing is used in the logistics function? Would a partnership with a third party logistics company improve service levels? * Logistics Systems: Do the current logistics systems provide the level of data that is required to successfully implement a logistics strategy or are new systems required? * Competitors: Review what the competitors offer. Can changes to the company’s customer service improve service levels? * Information: Is the information that drives the logistics organization real-time and accurate? If the data is inaccurate then the decisions that are made will be in error. * Strategy Review: Are the objectives of the logistics organization in line with company objectives and strategies. A successfully implemented logistics strategy is important for companies who are dedicated to keeping service levels at the highest levels possible despite changes that occur in the supply chain. Current logistics operating environment Since 1990s, the environment of logistics has changed greatly because of global integration and the gradual shortening of lifecycles of products. The mode of production in enterprises has changed from the traditional mass production mode led by products into the mass customization production mode to facilitate increasing global market competition. Srinivasa (2001) pointed out three main reasons of such revolution. 1. Change of manufacturing strategy In the past, logistics was recognized as a distinct function with the rise of mass production systems. Since 1990s, the Japanese philosophy of distributed manufacturing and lean manufacturing has become the key technique which is widely adopted around the world. Consequently, the logistics operation is  forced to change in order to fit such new Japanese manufacturing strategy. As a whole, logistics has become an extremely complicated process in which expert knowledge is required. 2. Change of customer demand Business environment as a whole is becoming extremely volatile. As product life cycle becomes shorter, manufacturers can no longer push their products down the supply chain easily. On the contrary, it is the consumer who pulls the products along this supply chain. Price and quality are no longer sufficient to thrive in this market. As speed to market and flexibility of the supply chain become the winning criteria, logistics management has grown much more complex in order to satisfy these conditions simultaneously. 3. Globalization As enterprises expand their markets beyond national boundaries, the need for more sophisticated services like multi-modal transport and international trade rules compliance increases. Hence, redesign of logistics operation is essential in order to achieve greater efficiency and effectiveness on these issues. These issues revealed the complexity of logistics management in that traditional logistics operation which includes large quantity of stock storage and distribution cannot fulfill the real time, flexibility logistics service demand among the supply chain parties. Moreover, since logistics network has became more complex, it takes time to make critically decision in resource allocation and work task arrangement accurately. In the current dynamic scenario where business landscape has changed a lot and more and more business are becoming customer centric firms have realized that to remain competitive they need to consider logistics as a part of their strategy and not just another fu nction. Companies have gained significant advantages over their competitors by focusing and crafting a logistics strategy which suits their requirement. However, there is no fixed Logistics strategy solution in place for any type of industry. It depends on and varies from the type of goods, nature of industry, the market it serves etc. Below are some of the questions that a firm’s logistics strategy must address. Fast / Slow -A company logistics strategy must handle fast moving products differently from slow and medium moving products within their own  distribution center(s) and within their distribution network. It is to be seen is it economically beneficial to set up regional fast facilities and a centralized slow facility? DSD / Non-stock A company must have a clear understanding of all of the cost components and lost profit opportunities for products that are deemed Direct store Delivery or non-stock items. There has to be a logistics strategy in place that clearly delineates when an item should be inventoried. Third Party Services -Does your company need to own and/or operate its own distribution facilities or is it more effective to have third party logistics providers manage some or all aspects of your logistics functions? What are the economical, service and other considerations your company needs to consider before taking these steps? Hub and Spoke -Are there economical cost of goods advantages to sourcing products into a centralized distribution center that subsequently distributes to regional facilities or branches through a hub and spoke distribution network? Inbound Logistics -Are there opportunities to reduce your landed cost of goods through improved inbound logistics strategy including load consolidation, reduced handling, backhauls, etc.? Outbound Logistics-Are there opportunities to reduce your outbound transportation costs through improved private fleet routing? Through improved carrier rate shopping, through load consolidation opportunities, etc.? Facility Consolidation-Is your company operating too many distribution centers that are underutilized? What are the economical benefits and service impacts of closing one or more of your distribution points? Inventory reduction-Is your company carrying the right assortment and inventory levels to achieve service level objectives? To minimize inventory assets, to minimize storage and handling costs? Supply Chain-Are there opportunities to work with your trading partners to reduce supply chain complexities and improve service levels for specific products / vendor product lines? Are there internal supply chain policies that hinder cost-effective operations? Global Logistics-Are there opportunities to improve global logistics to reduce inventory levels in the supply chain? To reduce order cycle times? To reduce supplier lead times? To reduce logistics costs? With these questions in mind we proceed to see what have been few emerging and successful strategies and what the challenges in implementing them are. Emerging Logistic Strategies: Given the expanding complexities of global operations, information about logistics costs and capabilities is crucial to evaluating whether and how to leverage emerging markets as a means for increasing profit margin. Globally, there has been a trend to source from or manufacture in low-cost jurisdictions and emerging markets. This trend, however, is often offset by increased logistics costs and delivery times, along with a growing number of complexities that need to be managed. Senior management has begun to realize that lowering unit procurement costs does not translate directly to lower per-unit total landed costs — the total costs associated with importing goods or parts from distant emerging market locations. The complexities of managing logistics in emerging market locations ultimately add to the total landed costs of the associated goods. Therefore, the process of redesigning supply chain operations to establish logistics management capabilities in emerging markets is a fundamental dimension of a long-term business strategy. Components of this strategy should include a focus on end-to-end integrated operations design and sound process discipline. Further, this focus should include a means to achieve flexibility, responsiveness and resiliency to enable more effective competition in today’s environment of increasingly dynamic global business conditions. To leverage opportunities in emerging markets, companies must transition or expand from managing logistics in a limited number of local geographies to managing them in emerging market geographies worldwide — in a very efficient, agile manner that supports the responsiveness and flexibility associated with an On Demand Business. Companies can leverage specific approaches to transforming their global logistics capabilities and better support the business goals of lower cost sourcing or fulfillment by taking advantage of emerging market jurisdictions. Global supply chain management — a rapidly changing environment Because of competitive pressures in the global marketplace, companies are rapidly migrating to low-cost sources of labor and materials, which are typically located in countries that also represent emerging market opportunities. But the speed of this change may bring challenges associated with escalating shipping costs and increased supply chain risk, and these challenges could exceed a company’s internal skill and resource capacity. If  you are adopting global sourcing practices, you may not yet have the foreign trade experience necessary to manage regulatory compliance and related global supply chain management complexities. For example, multiple, autonomous business units within an organization can contribute to a fragmented logistics process as well as create missed opportunities for leveraging economies-of-scale. Individual business units may also lack the necessary economies-of-scale needed to establish a competitive foothold and gain sufficient influence in emerging markets. Balancing inbound and outbound supply chain logistics requires a comprehensive strategy that incorporates all the key functions of a supply chain to accelerate or expand sourcing from emerging markets. This horizontally integrated approach also helps you make strategic decisions regarding partnerships, shipping and other factors, to help ensure that savings from global sourcing are not eroded by increased logistics costs. Even more significantly, such a strategy can enable you to go beyond sourcing to position your organization to leverage your logistics capabilities to sell and distribute products within those emerging markets. Challenges to leveraging emerging markets in supply chain cost management As you expand your geographic reach of global sourcing into emerging markets, you will likely encounter a growing number of supply chain and logistics challenges, many of which directly or indirectly contribute to a large portion of total landed costs. Each issue can be grouped into one of two categories: tangible or intangible. Tangible challenges of working in emerging markets include obvious things such as the limited physical infrastructure of roads, bridges, harbors and airports. Other limiting items include the communications infrastructure needed to support the necessary IT connectivity. As constraints due to infrastructure bottlenecks represent a clear challenge, government agencies are more aptly able to focus on these items because the benefit for improvement extends beyond just the business sector. Enhancements to physical infrastructure help the greater population of the emerging marketplace and contribute to modernizing an entire region or industry. Physical infrastructure improvements tend to have greater visibility and  political momentum, and often involve just a few government agencies. For example, the current infrastructure expansion in China as described by EFT Research in late 2005:1 †¢ Between 2005 and 2008, more than US$70 billion per annum will be spent to create 75,000 new mil es of expressways †¢ Forty-three airports have been added since 2001, a major focus for expansion †¢ By 2010, China plans to double the number of shipping port berths from the 34,000 currently in use and will spend approximately US$6 billion each year to do so †¢ Between 2005 and 2020, China will build 25,000 km of new rail lines at a cost of US$250 billion. The net effects of current infrastructure limitations in China and other emerging markets are longer-than-expected lead times and greater variability in shipment cycle times. These factors have a direct impact on owned inventory levels and the overall cash-to-cash cycle time — both of which drive the need to tie up more working capital in the supply chain. These shipment cycle time delays, which can be typical, are often offset by shifting to expedited, or premium freight service levels. However, these shifts to faster service levels are what significantly erode the expected savings in procurement and sourcing. While tangible infrastructure and expansion challenges within emerging markets often get the most press and visibility, it is the intangible items that create the greatest headaches for global logistics managers. The list of intangibles consists of items that often carry â€Å"hidden costs† not fully grasped by companies entering an emerging market. Included are all the tariffs, duties, taxes, customs declarations processes, security and compliance requirements, and the daunting task of dealing with government agencies and multiple third parties in a foreign language. The complexity is exacerbated by variables that can constantly change and remain in a near-fluid state. Managing day-to-day events is complicated by the need to factor in multiple working locations, distant time zones, multiple handoffs of products and associated information, different national holidays, language and cultural barriers, and the ongoing regulatory changes. For example, effective January 1, 2006, the Ministry of Commerce of China updated numerous regulations for export processing zones, while at the same time Chinese customs issued new regulations for bonded logistics parks that support export-related handling activities. Understanding how such changes  impact your supply chain requires in-country operating experience and deep collaborative relationships with logistics services providers who manage daily in this dynamic environment. Not to be overlooked is the significant influence that culture and management style can have on implementing and managing a logistics operation. For example, some of the fundamental differences prevalent in the Far East: confrontation avoidance, top-down decision making and agreements formed through handshakes with less regard to contractual specifics are the norm. While the Western approach to dealing with supply chain partners and vendors is to collaborate and pursue a win-win outcome, that attitude rarely prevails in many emerging market locations. Do not underestimate the impact of negotiating style and approach for dealing with suppliers found in different business cultures. In emerging market countries where rule of law can be erratic, establishing sound relationships with known entities is critical. Getting a jump on technical obstacles to integrated supply chain management Leveraging emerging markets as both product source and product destination can be a dynamic response to global market pressures; however, many companies are not well positioned to take advantage of these opportunities. The key objectives for the technical aspects of managing logistics in emerging markets are to build flexibility into the design, develop a core competency to bring logistics suppliers on board in a seamless fashion, and to enable meaningful information capture that supports continuous improvement. For example, effective supply chain management depends on visibility into the status and location of in-transit materials and products, but many companies do not have these systems in place. Fortunately, many technology-based solutions are available from a range of providers. Nearly all transportation companies offer some type of shipment status or information-sharing system accessible through their Web sites. In addition, there are dozens of advanced logistics planning and execution software applications that companies can install and use themselves. While there is no comprehensive solution that effectively serves all industry verticals and logistics partners across the supply chain, it remains critical that companies efficiently integrate multiple applications across diverse trading partners. Even with an integrated value chain that seeks to  leverage leading applications, true visibility into order and shipment status across the logistics chain depends on tightly defined processes and the ability of all logistics partners to exchange and provide timely status reports on materials in transit. Managing logistics within and outside of emerging market locations can make these processes even more challenging — the increase in variables makes consistent execution and the timely exchange of information very difficult to achieve. Meanwhile, the very nature of an emerging market means that the number of logistics services providers with the appropriate experience is limited. And switching logistics providers can be very expensive. So part of the challenge becomes finding partners who either have the appropriate experience or have established networks and partnerships with reputable local providers. Managing and mitigating the risks associated with emerging market logistics In order to address the challenges of leveraging emerging markets as a cost reducing, and eventually, a profit-boosting strategy, companies are finding that they need to develop a strategy for managing logistics that can support multiple service-level requirements. As one element of such a logistics strategy, you need to determine how, where and to what extent the services of logistics suppliers should be engaged. There are several logistics management options to consider before you enter a new or emerging market. One end of the spectrum involves developing extensive multifunction logistics talent within your company, and then managing specific tactical activities and numerous contracts with logistics suppliers that provide narrowly defined services within a specific region or country. In this scenario, pitfalls include the time it takes to develop or recruit the necessary level of logistics talent and leadership, and the administrative cost of managing dozens, if not hundreds, of logistics suppliers. The other end of the spectrum involves leveraging already established and proven capabilities of a few logistics service providers — or even one — who can orchestrate the many activities, dependencies, and relationships across a global logistics network. Companies taking this approach are able to react to new and emerging opportunities in a shorter, more cost-effective time horizon. Figure 1 summarizes the spectrum of relationships with logistics partners. Figure 1: Logistics service provider options While core asset-based logistics providers are critical to logistics execution, there continues to be a competitive desire among service providers to offer strategically integrated solutions with a global reach that include already established relationships in key emerging market locations. As companies decide which model to pursue and which logistics service provider(s) to engage as potential long-term partners in an emerging market, there are a number of factors to consider: †¢ Experience with integrating logistics across the supply chain and related business functions such as direct procurement †¢ Demonstrated ability to lead supply chain transformation in phased initiatives that align with current and future customer requirements †¢ An understanding of the unique characteristics of the emerging market(s) where you are considering expanding sourcing activities or establishing operations and distribution capabilities †¢ Familiarity with your industry vertical and the nature of your supply chain requirements †¢ Proven capabilities to advise on support and manage international trade and customs regulations †¢ The capacity to offer robust middleware as an enabler of cross-functional IT integration with multiple supply chain partners †¢ The experience and capacity to act as information broker between you and your supply chain partners †¢ Infrastructure and business process designs that are highly scalable and redundant †¢ A track record of solid financial health and sound corporate governance A global logistics view in alignment with a top-down business strategy helps to avoid a piecemeal logistics contracting or outsourcing management approach that could exacerbate the challenge of integration and shipment visibility. Your approach to outsourcing should help you develop a responsive, plug and play, logistics management capability that will support your entry into emergi ng markets. This is also a key capability for enabling an adaptive global supply chain footprint and competitive advantage. To further support this goal, it is important to consolidate and align your supply chain management infrastructure, processes and procedures to reduce costs and improve efficiency. Leading logistics providers now have the resources and expertise to help you design your network and make location decisions that optimize the tradeoffs in cost, service level and risk; but you should be aware that such companies may also be driven by their own business goals. When you  receive advice about which emerging markets to target, ask yourself whether this advice is aligned to your business goals, or whether it reflects the logistics supplier’s own growth strategy. It is very important to look for an objective logistics partner who can establish clear business performance metrics and accountability for the entire ship-to deliver cycle. This includes activity from the shipping dock in the source country through each leg and mode of shipment. Such information should be a key part of the overall supply chain performance management dashboard — your logistics service provider should be able to supply you with a range of data and performance metrics such as on-time delivery, damage rates, error rates, cost/sales percentages and related financial metrics that drive continuous improvement efforts. IBM Case Study — overcoming emerging market implementation hurdles Strong global partnerships with leading logistics suppliers are a highly valued asset when it comes to entering emerging markets. IBM offers a case in point. Several years prior to the sale of their personal computing division to Lenovo, IBM shifted PC fulfillment operations to low-cost jurisdictions and emerging market locations. IBM had been conducting business in China for many years, which provided a leverage point for establishing the necessary legal entity and business model to support a manufacturing operation that could act as a global fulfilment center for a limited line of products. Setting up shop in one of China’s free-trade zones offered proximity to key suppliers and abundant availability of low-cost labor during a time of intense, industry wide cost pressures. But from a logistics management perspective, the implications seemed daunting. IBM needed to design and implement the capability to ship from a factory in Shenzhen to customer locations in the United States, Europe and the rest of Asia. This effort required robust process design with multiple logistics suppliers, not to mention the trade-management-related complexities associated with exporting from a free-trade zone to numerous other countries — most of which had their own unique entry and customs-related procedures. In the high-tech industry, the supply chain must be responsive and fast. In logistics, this means pre-clearing shipments through customs while flights are in-transit. The most minor of data inaccuracies on the commercial invoice or shipping  manifest during the entry process can delay shipments for hours. While an import delay of only a few hours may not seem drastic, the result can be a missed cutoff time with the in-country ground service delivery provider. This means an entire day can be added to the shipment cycle time. IBM found that design and implementation challenges resided at the most basic levels. The infrastructure and necessary processes just for getting the trucks from the manufacturing site to the Hong Kong airport caused delays. The frequency and timing of the flight schedules became the hard constraint that all other cutoff times were forced to meet. Getting the necessary level of lift capacity during the high-volume, end-of-quarter seasonal peaks required frequent communication and forecast updates with freight forwarders. Continuous design improvements were needed to reach the necessary process and system integration needed between the freight forwarder, broker and customs agents in the designated country. For small shipments, IBM took advantage of integrated services provided by UPS and FedEx, both of which have ground and air assets for multi-leg shipment continuity. More problematic were larger shipments requiring multiple third party logistics organizations in a series of freight and information handoffs. IBM believes that a core logistics objective should always be to design and implement an integrated end-to-end solution that includes a process and technology design spanning all involved parties, from the shipping site to the final customer delivery location. Other emerging-market implementation hurdles faced by IBM China is not the only major emerging market with strategic significance to the IBM supply chain and global business model. For many years, IBM has sold and distributed products in East European countries. Over the past two years, IBM has expanded operations in countries such as Hungary and the Czech Republic. IBM’s most recent effort included going live with assembly and fulfilment operations with an OEM partner in Hungary. Prior to making a decision about the final location, IBM conducted a network optimization study. Its purpose: to understand the tradeoffs between fulfillment costs, logistics costs, inbound transit times from supplier locations, and outbound transit times to customers throughout Europe. The longer transit times and greater variability were key to understanding if entering the Hungarian marketplace to seize the benefit of lower fulfillment costs was an optimal  supply chain decision. The distance from the manufacturing site to the primary airport in Budapest is a three-hour commute on a two-lane highway. For time-sensitive orders, this long transit time effectively pushes back the cutoff time for shipping to around noon, a loss of nearly a half day. Once the decision was made to operate and ship finished products from Hungary, several supply chain and logistics design points became important to the overall cost reduction strategy. Here are some key elements that helped enable logistics management for IBM in an Eastern European emerging market location: †¢ Extended vendor managed inventory (VMI) programs and pricing agreements with OEM partners to ensure purchase-order flow continuity and control †¢ Extended IBM’s logistics contract agreements to components suppliers on inbound lanes in order to mitigate rising logistics costs and transit time variability †¢ Formed strong partnership with logistics service provider to allow for vendor on premises activity — service supplier resources and systems that manage the flow of finished goods off the back dock †¢ Utilized the network of experienced logistics management professionals in the European region to ensure operational communications and continuity within the same time zones †¢ Took advantage of IBM business presence in-country and local resources to ease the language, culture, and knowledge barrier during transition and initial set up. The above examples reflect IBM’s ability to efficiently enter and enable logistics operations as a strategic component of our global business operating model. Figure 2: IBM logistics cost savings 1995–2004 The cost savings illustrated in Figure 2 were realized during a time when IBM was entering emerging market locations to enable an integrated global footprint. The largest portions of savings were in procurement by utilizing fewer core service providers, and the physical network design efficiencies of operating in key emerging market locales. Realizing competitive advantage from logistics transformation You can prevent rising costs and complexities from eroding the benefits of your global sourcing strategy. The advantages of a strategic approach to logistics are broad and can result in a significant increase in shareholder value. In fact, managing logistics  costs, service-level lead times and overall supply chain security is critical to your marketplace competitiveness. Figure 3: IBM Global Logistics Operating Model The IBM model for managing global logistics highlights its capabilities as a Global Trade Orchestrator. IBM is able to scale this capability for both internal divisions and external customers. The key to managing global logistics is to enable your company’s supply chain with the capability to efficiently unplug from one location or operating scenario, and enter a new or emerging market location. This capability will be both a strategic requirement and a competitive advantage, as long as worldwide business, economic and socio-political variables remain dynamic. Enabling this strategic capability requires cross-function process design, technology integration, and subject matter expertise ranging from network optimization, logistics contract and operations management to global trade and compliance management. This level of orchestration and collaboration is very scalable when merged seamlessly with a global governance model and strategically oriented leadership. Cycle time compression Logistics managers have long recognized the importance of order cycle time, and this concept has entered into the planning and operation of inventory control and distribution systems for decades. More recently, logistics executives have come to recognize the strategic significance of planning, and indeed reducing, the cycle times in their systems. Throughout many different industries, and taught by the examples of successful Japanese competitors, firms are working to reduce the total time required to bring products to marketplace. As George Stalk and Thomas Hout explan in their best-selling book competing against time, today, time is on the cutting edge of competitive advantage. The ways leading companies manage time- in production, in sales and distribution, in new product development and introduction- are the most powerful new sources of competitive advantage. A cycle time compression logistics strategy can be applied to distribution and production, and firms have also shown how the strategy can be employed in product development and roll out. In one frame of reference, cycle time can  be thought of as the time which elapses between the point at which a customer places an order and the point at which the property is received. Traditionally, logistics managers have attempted to control or reduce this order cycle time by increasing in stock availability rates, pre-positioning field inventories close to customers, or using premium flight services to speed delivery. While effective, these tactics are not without cost. From another point of view, customer order cycle times are obviously important, but they do not measure the true response time of the firm since the finished goods inventory performs the function of uncoupling the demand process from the production process. From this point of view, the cycle time is the length of time material remains in the firm as it flows from raw material, to production, to finished goods, and on to delivery to the customer. Attacking this cycle time has several benefits. First, it makes the firm more responsive; that is, the firm may be able to produce and distribute a product to a given customer more quickly. Second, cycle time reduction will reduce the time that material is held as inventory, and hence will increase inventory turnover and return on assets. Firms have employed many different tactics to achieve cycle time compression in their logistics processes, but most successful applications share these common characteristics: (1) The responsiveness of the total system is increased. The firm can more quickly respond to changing customer requirements because the logistics system has become more flexible and adaptive, and more easily able to react to changes in plans. (2) Inventory levels are reduced at all points in the system as on-hand stocks come to reflect more closely true customer requirements. (3) Risk and the associated costs of risk are reduced. As the cycle time falls, the demand forecasting horizon can be reduced, which reduced the risk of stock out, lost sales, obsolescence, redistribution, expediting, and all the other problems associated with forecast error. (4) The information content of the system increases. The system comes to rely  on fast and accurate transmission of information as a substitute for the inventory previously used to operate the system. To reduce cycle time companies need to look at the four major discrete cash cycles within their firms. — Sales Cycle — – Delivery Cycle– –Billing/Collection Cycle – –Make/Buy Inventory Cycle – The sales cycle is the first one to tackle. How long does it take from first contact with a customer to get a signed purchase order? Typically you’re incurring, and paying for, sales expenses during that process. If your normal sales cycle is three months, is there any way to collapse it to two months? One of the best ways to answer that question is by bringing together people within the organization who both work in the sales arena and interface with it. It can also be helpful to have someone from the outside who is not all that familiar with the process in the review. Benefits of cycle time reduction are common in all four areas. The result will be reduced cycle times that translate into a more effective organization and additiona l money in the bank. Cross-docking: The need for speed In today’s high velocity supply chain world, companies are increasingly focusing on distribution methods that will drive efficiency and increase customer satisfaction. Gone are the days where customer service was merely a buzz word. With the focus on customer service, companies have moved away for a supply driven business towards a demand driven business. Companies are also constantly searching for ways to reduce inventory and holding cost. The increase in speed has forced companies to search for ways to reduce product cycle time and move product quickly and cost effectively. Over the years, companies have seen a dramatic increase in the number of stock keeping units (SKU). The increase in the number of SKUs has added complexity to the business and also has increased the cost and time needed to manage the business. Department heads face additional pressure as they are required to stock shelves with the right products and ensure that customer demand is met all times. In today’s high speed world, shipping windows are changing rapidly, as retail clients demand increased speed to meet store requirements. To achieve these goals, cross-docking has been pushed to the frontline of the distribution strategy. What is cross-docking? Cross-docking is a system that relies on speed and agility and is normally used in hub-and-spoke operations. Cross-docking, in short, is the shipment and receiving of goods by bypassing the storage facility. In the process of cutting out the need for a storage facility, inventory can move quickly from one end of the supply chain to the other. Cross-docking is a fairly simplistic way of handling inventory that involves loading and unloading inventory from an incoming truck onto an outboard truck. During cross-docking storage time varies. However, most experts would agree that anything less than two days can be considered as cross-docking. In some cases staging also takes place. For all of its simplicity, cross-docking requires detailed planning and collaboration with partners. Companies require advance knowledge of product shipment and final destination of goods. Setting up the required infrastructure and systems can take time and capital. Logistic managers are increasingly making use of technology such as Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) and automated processes. It is important to note that technology is not the key to success. However, the right system can smooth out problems and increase visibility in the chain. Companies now have the ability to send products on a Friday night, receive them on Saturday, and sell the products later in the day. How is it used? Cross-docking is used in a variety of strategies that include consolidating loads of less-that-truck load (LTL) carriers, consolidate loads from multiple suppliers and/or plants, deconsolidating orders, and preparing for shipping. Cross-docking can be divided into different complexity levels including one-touch, two-touch and multiple-touch. One-touch is considered the highest productivity as products are not loaded on the dock, but is loaded directly on the truck. During two-touch the focus is on load optimization and driving efficiencies. Inventory is received and staged on the dock, without making use of a storage facility. During multiple-touch, products are received and staged for reconfiguration and customization. An increasing number of companies are starting to use cross-docking in their operations. In a 2008 cross-docking trends report in the US, 52 percent of respondents stated that use cross-docking with a further 13 percent planning to start cross-docking in the next 24 months. A number of companies are  outsourcing cross-docking. By doing so, they avoid the challenges of setting up and running a cross-docking operation. Many companies start small and pilot projects are common as they explore the configuration that best fits their needs. For cross-docking to succeed it needs to be a coordinated effort that relies on close partnership and collaboration. What are the advantages? One of the key advantages of cross-docking is that companies are reducing their need for warehousing space, which reduces inventory holding cost. Cross-docking facilities are much cheaper to set up and run than warehouses and companies can save on the capital investment in warehouses. In some cases, companies can reduce warehouse floor space and sell off or lease out underutilized facilities. Companies like Toyota have designed and built their own cross-docking facilities. Normally these facilities are strategically located to reduce distance and maximize support. Some of the biggest advantages for companies are transport related. Companies can achieve significant cost savings, by consolidating loads of LTL carriers. Pallets that are heading for the same destination are consolidated and staged by order sequence. By doing this, companies can reduce the distribution cost of the total supply chain and pass the savings on to the consumer. By making use of cross-docking, companies can furthermore reduce the impact of rising energy cost. Companies like Toyota have used this strategy to great effect. With the increased reliance on Just-in-Time (JIT), parts are being shipped at higher frequency and lower quantity. By making use of cross-docking, Toyota has reduced distribution cost by consolidating smaller part supplies into consolidated loads. Cross-docking has allowed companies to increase JIT and remove waster or muda in the organization. The increased speed in the supply chain helps companies to reduce product cycle time and move product quickly and efficiently down or up the chain. In Toyota’s case, this has allowed them to increase delivery frequency and in some cases even double delivery cycles. Cross-docking also have some major benefits where inventory is limited. As inventory is not kept in storage, companies require less stock. The reduction in inventory will reduce holding cost and at the same time satisfy demand. One of the major benefits of cross-docking is also the reduction of labour cost. With the downturn in the  economy, companies will increasingly look at cross-docking as a possibility. Cross-docking can reduce staff numbers and their associated labour cost and also gives the organization greater flexibility during an economic downturn. Many companies, however, do not start cross-docking primarily for cost reasons. They start to improve customer service. Today’s customers require greater speed and are also more demanding. Companies should establish clear goals and be willing to test different options. For companies that want to streamline operations and increase the supply chain velocity, cross-docking may be the right solution. Implementation Issues and Conclusions Many firms have embraced and employed supply chain management and cycle time compression strategies in their logistics operations with dramatically positive results. However, not all such attempts have been successful, nor has every implementation proved straightforward or simple. In this section, I will list observations and conclusions drawn from scores of firms which have implemented these logistics strategies: (1) Supply chain management and cycle time compression are complementary strategies. The logistics manager is not forced to choose between these two strategies in and either/or basis. In fact, the two strategies are often mutually supportive and self-reinforcing. The strategies so frequently are seen together that it can be difficult or arbitrary to distinguish between them. In practice, the distinction between the two strategies is often blurred. A principal reason to develop supply chain management is often to capture and amplify the benefits of cycle time compression by applying the strategy at all levels in the chain. (2) Each strategy has common barriers to successful implementation. There are many pitfalls involved in employing these strategies, but the most significant problems are generally of two types: High complexity. The new systems are usually much more complicated than the systems and procedures which they replace. Supply chain management, as embodied for example in a quick response system, requires co-ordination of SKU-level item flows across firm boundaries in near real time with great precision and reliability. Low  inventory levels place the entire operation at risk to errors at any level in the system. New data systems and communications systems are needed to drive the logistics flow, and these systems are needed to drive the logistics flow, and these systems must perform flawlessly. In a successful cross docking operation, vehicle schedule and despatching is crucially important as well, and completely reliable carriers must be found. High trust. Supply chain management and cycle time compression must be based on high levels of trust within the various parts of a given firm, such as between production and distribution and between sales and distribution. In addition, very high levels of trust must be established and maintained between buyers and sellers in the supply chain, as well as between shippers and carriers and warehouses. Supply chain members must share and safeguard highly sensitive data, and all parties must be given candid estimates of production schedules, shipping status, and delivery dates. Inability or unwillingness to share these data will generally frustrate meaningful attempts to establish the close co-ordination implied by these strategies. (3) Information technology is the key enabling technology. Another common thread in the successful implementation history of these strategies in American firms is the reliance on fast and accurate information technology. Most such logistics systems use barcode scanning or some other form of automatic identification to provide input of SKU-level transaction data onn sales, inventory and shipments. Data are normally telecommunicated between various operating locations, usually by EDI. In addition, some form of high-level logistics system software is needed to guide the operation of the strategy. (4) Inventory reduction as a benefit. Most successful case histories of supply chain management or cycle time reduction will include inventory reduction, but inventory reduction will not be the whole story. Generally, inventory reduction will be one item on the list of benefits and cost savings which were sought or obtained. In many cases savings due to inventory reduction will be substantial, while in other cases inventory reduction may be a relatively minor consideration. (5) Successful logistics strategies must be integrated with production, marketing, and total corporate strategy. Supply chain management and cycle time compression are strategies which are often highly compatible with the overall strategy being pursued by the firm. Compression of the logistics component of the firm’s total cycle time is an integral component of the firm’s overall strategy of time-based competition. Logistics cycle time compression and supply chain co-ordination are also highly supportive of the general strategy of flexible manufacturing towards which many firms are moving. Many other firms are moving towards a marketing strategy which looks beyond mere ―customer satisfaction in an attempt to move past the competition by ―delighting the customer. In this context, compression of logistics cycle time increases the responsiveness of the logistics system to the customer’s desires. Incorporating the customer into the formal supply chain system should improve the level of support provided to the customer as well as increase the customer’s ability to convey its needs and wants to the firm and have them acted on. In this way supply chain approach will work to reinforce the marketing strategy. Supply chain management and cycle time compression are complementary logistics strategy which progressive firms are employing in many different ways and in many different settings. These strategies are not simply or easily developed, but the results achieved through their use are often dramatic. Any firm which is truly serious about competing in the marketplace should very carefully consider the implications of these strategies for its operations.

Eric Schmidt Leadership Qualities Analysis

Eric Schmidt Leadership Qualities Analysis 1. Introduction: In this assignment, I am going to analyze the leadership style of Eric Emerson Schmidt which one was the CEO of the famous internet company Google comprehensively. Over the period of 2001 to 2011, Eric Schmidt leaded the Google company to become one of the most variable companies and the most popular companies in the world. The initial Google is just a searching engine website company, Eric Schmidt likes a magician made a miracle in this company that build up as a industry pioneer. The business philosophy of Eric Schmidt: As Harold Koontz said: â€Å"Management is an art of getting things done through and with people in formally organized groups. It is an art of creating an environment in which people can perform and individuals and can cp-operate towards attainment of group goals. † The full title of CEO is chief executive officer, a important responsibility of CEO is to management the whole company in a positive direction. Every large companies have a evident style as same as their CEO, the CEO runs the company in their own personal style. Eric Schmidt used socio-human approach in his organizational process. And this style was not only used in Google company, but also he used in his first company-SUN which is a same internet technological company as Google and it is famous of JAVA. Because Eric thinks both are same type company, he can use similar style to lead the company. The socio-human approach is a opposite way to technical rational approaches, it is more flexible and humanized to treat employees. the Google is not a traditional company, it depends on its power of innovation. In order to let the employee have better innovative thinking, Eric used this solution to make more advantages for the company. In detail, Eric use a mode which is small team managemen t mode. He made each team have different duty in every areas. That mode is more effective than the old school management mode in real business practice. This approach has following favors :Frist one is that it allows the company to have bigger possible to attempt, let the company has newborn things as much as possible, so the change of success will be lager. There are many famous companies dying because lock of innovation such as Yahoo and IBM. Secondly, this approaches can make employees build up their sense of responsibility as the masters of this company, let them not feel working in a big company. And Eric give the decision-making power to the team, in the process of development, the team mates can have their right to change and improve the product, that also is a benefit thing for their customer. As the famous management education master Peter Ferdinand Drucker said â€Å"The man who focuses on contribution and who takes responsibility for results no matter how junior is in th e most literal sense of the phrase, ‘top management’†. This is also Eric’s goal for using this mode. Thirdly, to reduce the cost of internal coordination, they believe that fast is better than slow in the Google company. The small team management mode can develop more products in shorter time because the team can use their decision-making power to make quick decision, to the failure of adjustment will be repaired easily and quickly. Comparing with other IT companies like Microsoft. When the Microsoft company developed the new windows system, there was a large group members which is several hundreds people to join this subject, it lead to take over years and progress slowly. This is a major point of the Google company can exceed the Microsoft company. The small working team can improve effectively and it is better than the large working group in this specific industry. A good idea will not become effective unless the action commitments have been built into t he decision from the begining. This kind of organization structure is organismic and duo to the Google is a information technology company, duo to that situation, Eric thinks it can help company have better advantage in IT industry environment. The faster update is Google’s powerful weapon to win their competition. The leadership of Eric Schmidt: The definition of leadership is ‘Leadership is the process of influencing the activities of an organized group in its efforts toward goal setting and goal achievement ‘(Stogdill. 1950). The effect of leadership is that make strong motivated to the staffs, let staffs work in unity and achieve goals. According to trait theories of leadership, the leadership is relate to leader’s personality, In Stogdill’s five traits Model: Intelligence, Dominance, Self-confidence, High level of energy, and Task-relevant knowledge. Based on Eric Schmidt’s career , cover news and public speech, Eric at least has intelligence, dominance, and Task-relevant knowledge, these three models can find obvious evidences from his business career. It also can mean Eric has agreeableness, conscientiousness, and openness to experience. Firstly, it is clear to see his self-confidence because he believe his employees, he can give the right of decision-making to every teams. Secondly, his openness to experience is also easy to find, during his CEO career in Google these ten years, the Google company developed many newborn product not only in their search function such as Chrome, Android, and so on. Third one is his conscientiousness, as a survey about 313 private company choosing their CEO, there are 215 successes, in these 215 CEO, Almost of them have conscientiousness. That means how conscientiousness important to a successful CEO. Eric Schmidt has been a leader in three big IT company, all of them become famous and successful in their profession area especially these companies have a higher maker value. Eric’s conscientiousness is proved by he having a strong sense of organization, and word hard. He organises the google engineering team in 70:20:10, it means seventy percent group focus on their product in th e area of search function, twenty percent team work on product in other development area like Android, then the least ten percent team works in newborn things like pilotless automobile. Until now the Google still use this structure when they develop product. In the other hand, there has another theory about leadership:Behavioral of theories of leadership. There are two fundamental types of leader behaviours : ‘Initiating structure’ and ‘consideration’. Initiating structure refers to behaviour which focuses on the achievement of objectives and includes clear supervision and role clarification, planning of work and a results orientation. Consideration includes behaviours which encourage collaboration and focus on supportive network, group welfare and the maintenance of job satisfaction. (Brooks, 2009) Eric Schmidt is a consideration structure in this theory. There are some points to prove that. Primarily, Eric give a wonderful and comfortable working environment, this working environment has been first most popular working environment in the world for four years at American Fortune magazine. This is a evident welfare for employees. Secondly, Eric insists to give the power of decision-making to each work team, he is highly trusted to his professional employees, at mean time, the employee get a stronger sense of encourage than a good working environment. Eric get a vehement support from his employees during company developing time virtually. Above two theories of leadership can not explain the leadership style of Eric Schmidt well, in order to give more thoughtful explanation. We appoint the third theory-Situational theories. One of situational theories is Fiedler contingency theory. This model asks the estimate of both the leader’s style and three broad characteristics of the situation:leader-group member relations, task structure, and position power. Primarily, In leader-member relations of Eric and his employees, it easy to prove they are real great, as the organization structure which Eric made, he and his employees have highly trusted with each other. That also can relet to situational leadership theory, his subordinates have enough ability to achieve his requirements, and he do not need to give too much guide to them. Secondly, the task structure is very clear in Google until now, Eric insists his 70:20:10 structure for the engineering development group. Thirdly, the position power of Eric is not very stong, because he give a part power of decision-making to every engineering development teams. Conclusion: All in all, Eric Schmidt is a intelligent, professional, and accommodating leader. As we know that the Google culture is freedom and innovation since two originator of Google Sergey Brin and Larry Page starting the Google company until Eric been invited to be a CEO of this company, this culture never change. Eric’s experience is also perfect for the Google, first advantage is that he has a B. S. degree in electrical engineering at Princeton University and a phd degree in EECS at the university of California, Berkeley. These professional knowledge makes big different with normal CEO for the Google company. Second one is his ideal working experiences, before he came to the Google, the companies that he worked are all IT companies. Effectiveness is a habit, that is a complex of practices. The most significant thing is that he can run these companies very well and make outstanding achievement. Eric Schmidt makes the two originator believe he is the prefect role for The Google CEO. No matter using what theories to analyse the leadership of Eric Schmidt, he has proved that he is a suitable leader for this company during his career of Google CEO. Comparing with the famous Steve Jobs, Eric is not charming and distinctive as Jobs, but his leadership style is more appropriate for the Google Company. References: Koontz H. The management theory jungle[J]. Academy of Management Journal, 1961, 4(3): 174-188. Drucker P F. People and performance: The best of Peter Drucker on management[M]. Routledge, 1995. Stogdill R M. Leadership, membership and organization[J]. Psychological bulletin, 1950, 47(1): 1. lan Brooks (2009). organisational behaviour. 4th ed. Essex: Person Education Limited. p167.