Discussion Week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion Week 6 - Essay Example This will speed up medical service delivery, which is a benefit to the public besides shunning pregnancy related mortalities (Lewis, 2012). The organization will result to unreasonable rising of fees, which is a detriment to the parents and those intending to access post secondary education (Levy & Walton, 2009). Consequently, this will yield to transferring of income from consumers to the high earning organization’s shareholders, hence affecting economy adversely (Levy & Walton, 2009). Besides, this widens gap between the rich and poor because the organization’s shareholders continue to enrich themselves at the expense of the struggling consumers (Levy & Walton, 2009). The major league will result to monopolizing all operations that relate to sports, hence extending to commerce. This is especially via advertising whereby corporations and other institutions intending to advertise their products will incur high expenses. Besides, there is a likelihood of top officials and related staffs failing to be accountable. This will translate to poor players’ enumerations and elevated stadium fees to the fans. Parties involved in these leagues will not have a chance to share ideas or transfer of players from one league to another. This deprives them numerous chances meant to stabilize their economies because each league will be operating as an entity due to unhealthy competition among them. Additionally, this will also extend to the fans and players whereby the latter may not be able to exploit their talents as expected thus fail to reach the international levels. If you have never had an experience with collaborative writing, explain whether or not you think you would enjoy this type of collaboration. If you had to produce a project this way, determine what you would do to ensure success. I will enjoy this mode of writing due to

Relationship between Lung and Tooth Abscess Assignment

Relationship between Lung and Tooth Abscess - Assignment Example If tooth decay is discovered early, cavities that could develop into abscesses can usually be treated. Since both diseases develop due to poor oral hygiene, practicing proper oral hygiene is the best way to prevent oneself from contaminating the abscesses. Avoiding cigarette and alcohol consumption not only serves as a prevention measure for a tooth abscess but also for a lung abscess. In ancient times, lung abscesses posed challenges to practitioners because of the long duration of the illnesses. A lung abscess was commonly associated with morbidity and mortality and supportive care was the major form of treatment. According to Ferri (2013), â€Å"a lung abscess is an infection of the lung parenchyma resulting in a necrotic cavity containing pus† (p. 9). In order to better comprehend this infectious disease of the respiratory tract, one needs to know the risk factors associated with the disease. Ferri’s (2012) study found the risk factors to be alcohol-related problems, seizure disorders, cerebrovascular disorders, drug abuse, poor oral hygiene and obstructive malignant lung diseases. According to Joiner, â€Å"a dental abscess develops when a pus-filled sac forms in the tissue at the root of a tooth† (2001, p. 348). It is known to bring intolerable pain to the affected. The tooth usually throbs and aches to make chewing or biting very painful. If one does not seek medical care, the infection spreads through the surrounding tissue and bone, causing the neck and face glands to become swollen. This is usually accompanied by a severe headache and fever, which are the common symptoms of infections. Joiner (2001) adds that the causes of a tooth abscess are bacteria accumulation in the deep pockets found between gums and teeth or infections on the roots of teeth. Numerous symptoms are observed in persons suffering from lung and tooth abscesses. These symptoms are usually prolonged occurring for weeks to months. For a  lung abscess, they include fever, chills and sweats, coughs, sputum production and amphoric breath sounds (Ferri, 2012).

Old Age An Incurable Disease Health And Social Care Essay

Old Age An Incurable Disease Health And Social Care Essay Health is a central issue and fundamental human right associated with increase in longevity of population ageing. The maintenance of health status and functioning with age is a critical factor impacting upon many other aspects of the lives of aged, their family and communities. Ageing is a natural process which is inevitable and thus being the end of the human life cycle. Perceiving ageing with fear is recent phenomenon, it seems to be increasing each day, as world become more complex and moreover ageing is associated with decline in functional ability which affects all aged peoples. Aged have limited regenerative abilities and more prone to disease, syndrome and sickness than adults. Old age is an incurable disease, You do not heal old age but You protect, promote and extend it. James Sterling Ross The number of persons above the age of 60 years is fastly growing, especially in India. India is the second most popular country in the world has 76.6 million people at over the age of 60, constituting above 7.7% of total population. The most obvious manifestations of old age are changes in physical appearance such as wrinkles appearing on the face, graying of hair, restriction of movements and more prone to chronic illness. Too frequently, older adults suffer from the emotional side effects of ageing such as feeling of distress and anxiety regarding their future, loneliness and social isolation. The major area of concern is the health of the aged with multiple medical and psychosocial problems which have an impact on functional ability of aged. Functional disability in the aged is defined as an acquired difficulty in performing basic everyday tasks or more complex tasks needed for independent living Davidson. (2011). The most common problem confronting aged people is functional disability that leads to dependency and institutionalization. The functional disability in the aged includes three dimensions: physical, emotional, and mental performance. The population of functionally disabled aged is growing rapidly. The number of aged who suffered with functional disability due to arthritis, stroke, cognitive impairment, anxiety and emotional distress is expected to increase at least 80 percent by 2049. Functional disability limits the autonomy of older people, introduces dependence, and reduces the quality of life and increase the risk of nursing home admission. Studies have shown that the proportion of aged persons who cannot move and are confined to their bed or home ranges from 77 per 1000 in urban area and 84 per 1000 in rural areas. The family and community play a vital role in the care of a functionally disabled aged. The supportive care for aged with functional disability is the major concern which includes early rehabilitation with adequate nutrition, fluids, range of motion exercise, second hourly position changing; skin care and reviewing medical follow up. This will enable to prevent the development of complications such as infection, bed sore, constipation, movement incapability, urinary tract infection, deep vein thrombosis, muscle atrophy and contractures with resultant deformity in the aged. Studies shown that majority (70%) of the aged over 60 years with functional disability are expecting the need of care by the caregivers to perform their daily activities. Caregivers are the one who is always present with the aged client, satisfying their needs and solving their problems. The caregivers of the aged may be their spouse, childrens or some other paid caregivers. The involvement of caregivers in caring the aged ones has been a help to create a great confidence in the aged to perform some kind of activities of daily living and also it has profound effect on aged reaction to medical treatment, emotional adaptation and rehabilitation. To implement the care for aged it is necessary that caregivers must be aware of functional disability in the aged to provide supportive care. BACKGROUD OF THE STUDY: By reviewing the bureau report 2009, globally aged population will increase from 595 million to 2 billion, a four fold rise by 2050, in terms of proportion 10% in 2000, 15% by 2025 and rise to 21.6 % by 2050. Ageing population is an end product of demographic transition, the number of older adults aged above 60 years is increasing and they are becoming larger percentage of over all population. In India, it is estimated that the elderly population has grown from 12.6 million in 1901 to 80.93 million in 2010 and India is the second largest country comprising aged in the whole world and is likely to touch 300 million within next half century. Data available from India suggest that almost 50 per cent of the elderly suffer from chronic diseases with the prevalence of diseases increasing with rising age from 39 per cent in 60-64 years to 55 per cent in those older than 70 years. Research by the National institute of ageing reports that 80% of the aged are living with chronic conditions. Most of them are able to meet their own needs but only 25% of them require a special type of care. More than two third of the aged (22 %) live independently in a family setting. It is estimated that 10% of the aged need some form of long term care in the home. Prevalence of various functional disabilities gradually increases with advancing age, starts at the age of 60 years and cause a growing need for help especially after the age of 65 years. Ageing process and changes in life style pattern such as chronic alcoholism, smoking, use of tobacco, sedentary life style, obesity, lack of exercise and improper nutrition during the young age has led a risk of chronic disease conditions among elderly population which results in 70% of disability making elderly more dependent on family and caregivers. Eden. (2000) stated that old age is still perceived as a casual agent for seeking dependence in performing daily activities and the factors frequently causing dependency are age, gender, falls, illness etc. A large population of todays ageing is dependent on the family members for their health maintenance. Approximately 54% of the aged above 60 years are dependent, 24% of them are partially dependent and 22% of them are independent in performing their daily activities. The dependence on others for meeting the various needs will generate a felling of physiological and psychological dependence among the aged. The prevalence of unmet needs for functional disability in the aged due to vision problems is about 4.3%, 22.6% due to hearing problem, 32.5% due to immobility, 50% due to cognitive impairment, 62% due to difficulties in activities of daily living, 35% due to chronic illness, 25% due to psychological and social problems among those aged 60 and older. The involvement of caregivers in caring the aged will help to create a great confidence in aged to perform some kind of activities of daily living. Approximately 4.1 million caregivers are involved in intense care giving. Hence the care giving is not only the responsibility of health professionals but also the family members, relatives, friends and even non- professionals who cares for the aged in home. NEED FOR THE STUDY: Advances in technology and the combination of high fertility and declining mortality in twentieth century have resulted in rapid and large number of aged people worldwide especially in developing countries. In every country, the proportion of people aged over 60 years is growing faster than any other age group. Ageing causes numerous changes in the physiology of human beings which decreases functional ability. This in turn makes them dependent on caregiver. Inadequate care results in falls and depression among older adults. Among the aged, the focus is not only on reducing disease related morbidity and mortality, but also on promoting optimal health and ensuring disability-free years. The literature states that the effect of functional disability will have an effect on quality of life among aged, as the aged become dependent where the caregivers should play a major role in taking care of such aged person. Caregivers are the one who is always present with the aged client, satisfying their needs and solving their problems. It is necessary that caregivers must be aware of functional disability in the aged to provide supportive care. Investigator, during her clinical posting and community postings came across many aged with functional disability such as loss of control in body movements, functional immobility and associated coexisting illness who were dependent on their caregivers for their daily activities. While interacting with their caregivers the investigator came to know that they are not having adequate knowledge regarding the effects of functional disability and the care needed for the aged. Investigator felt that, aged with functional disability need some form of long term care in the home. If the caregivers had the knowledge they would help the aged in taking care of their health to prevent further complications. So the investigator felt the need to assess the knowledge regarding functional disability in the aged and its supportive care among caregivers to develop insight on the needs of older adults. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: A study to assess the knowledge on functional disability in the aged and its supportive care among caregivers at selected settings in Chennai OBJECTIVES: To assess the knowledge on functional disability in the aged and its supportive care among caregivers at selected settings in Chennai. To associate the knowledge regarding functional disability in the aged and its supportive care with selected demographic variables among caregivers at selected settings in Chennai. OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS: ASSESS: In this study assess refers to the process of gathering information as expressed by the caregivers in response to the semi-structured interview schedule and analyzing it with the statistical method. KNOWLEDGE: In this study knowledge refers to the awareness about functional disability and its supportive care as expressed by caregivers as response to the semi-structured interview schedule and analyzing to the statistical method. AGED: In this study the aged refers to the people above 60 years who are available in the hospital and community. CAREGIVERS: In this study the caregivers refers to the family members, relatives and paid non professional persons in the age group from 21 years to 65 years who are taking care of the aged. FUNCTIONAL DISABILITY: In this study the functional disability refers to deviations from the normal or customary function of an individual within any of the three dimensions i.e, physical, emotional or social skills necessary for an independent life. SUPPORTIVE CARE: In this study the supportive care refers to the care which is provided to support the functionally disabled aged in meeting their daily needs. SETTINGS: In this study setting refers to the place or type of surroundings from where the sample is collected i.e, community and hospital setting. ASSUMPTIONS: The knowledge on the functional disability in the aged and the supportive care among the caregivers will vary from adequate to inadequate. The knowledge on functional disability in the aged and the supportive care among caregivers will be influenced by the selected demographic variables. DELIMITATION: The samples are the caregivers of the aged available in the community setting i.e, Thoraipakkam, Navalur and those admitted to the two hospitals i.e, V.H.S multi speciality and Dr.Kamakshi memorial hospital. Period of data collection is limited to one month. PROJECTED OUTCOME: The results of the study will project the knowledge levels of whom regarding various functional disabilities in the aged and the supportive care needed. The knowledge levels will highlight the need for educating the caregivers on various problems of functional disability By assessing this need, we can formulate the various methods of educating the caregivers on common problems of functional disability and it supportive care in the aged. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK A concept is an image or symbolic representation of an abstract idea. Conceptual frameworks are interrelated concepts or abstractions that are assembled by virtue of their relevance to a common theme Polit and Beck (2001). It is a device that helps to stimulate research and the extension of knowledge by providing both direction and impetus. A framework serves as a spring board for scientific advancement. A conceptual framework serves as a guide, to identify systematically and precisely defined relationship among the variables. It gives an idea to the main view and common theme of the research that is a visual diagram by which the researcher explains the area of interest. MODEL: The conceptual framework adopted for the study is based on PENDERS HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL (1987). Health promotion is, directed towards increasing the level of well being and self actualization in a given individual or group. This model focuses on the three aspects, Modifying factors. Cognitive perceptual factors. Participating in health promoting activities. MODIFYING FACTORS: It refers to the situational, maturational, socio cultural, personal and biological factors. In this study, it refers to the demographic variables like age, gender, marital status, educational status, occupational status, family income, type of family, any previous experience of taking care of the aged, relationship with the client, history of any present diseases in aged person, degree of physical dependency, hours spent in the care of the aged person, any previous information on functional disability in the aged and its supportive care. COGNITIVE PERCEPTUAL FACTORS: In this model, cognitive perceptual factors have important motivational significance. These variables can be modified through nursing actions. In this study it refers to the knowledge of caregivers regarding functional disability in the aged and its supportive care in the aspects of disability in the aged, vision problems, hearing problems, loss of control in body movements, memory impairment , functional immobility, activities of daily living, importance of exercises, coexisting illness, psychological problems and family support. PARTICIPATING IN HEALTH PROMOTING ACTIVITIES: Participation of caregivers in this study is considered as one of the health promoting behavior as this will help the caregivers to be aware of their existing knowledge on functional disability in the aged and its supportive care, which enhance through the advices given. CUES FOR ACTION: The responses of the caregivers regarding their knowledge on functional disability in the aged and its supportive care provide cues for nursing action like reinforcement and also creating awareness in terms of early rehabilitation of functionally disabled aged with adequate nutrition, fluids, range of motion exercise, second hourly position changing; skin care, reviewing medical follow up, providing assistive devices, assisting in daily activities, emotional support, engaging in social activities, promoting comfort and psychological support. MODIFYING COGNITIVE PERCEPTUAL PARTICIPATING IN HEALTH FACTORS FACTORS PROMOTING BEHAVIOUR KNOWLEDGE OF CAREGIVERS REGARDING FUNCTIONAL DISABILITY IN THE AGED AND ITS SUPPORTIVE CARE: Information regarding health promoting behavior includes, Disability in the aged Vision problems Hearing problems Loss of control in body movements Memory impairment Functional immobility Activities of daily living Importance of exercises Coexisting illness Psychological problems Family support Participation of caregivers in the study and sharing information regarding functional disability in the aged and its supportive care DEMOGRAPHIC VARIABLES: Age Gender Marital status Educational status Occupation Family income Type of family Relationship with the client Any previous experience of taking care of the aged Hours spent in the care of the aged person Any previous information on functional disability in the aged and its supportive care History of any present diseases in aged person Degree of physical dependency Reinforcement Adequate knowledge Eliciting the knowledge of caregivers regarding functional disability and its supportive care through semi-structured interview schedule Moderate knowledge Inadequate knowledge Cues for nursing action FIG.1 CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK BASED ON PENDERS HEALTH PROMOTION MODEL (1987) CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Review of literature aids the researcher to understand what already known in relation to problem of interest and what remains to be known. It helps to plan and conduct the study in a systematic manner. It is defined as reviewing and analyzing the work of literature in relation to the specified topic in research Simai Haji Mati. This chapter deals with selected studies and articles which are related to the objectives of the proposed study. For the present study an extensive review of literature relevant to study was undertaken and is presented under the following headings. Part I: General information about ageing, functional disability in and its supportive care. Part II: Studies related to functional disability and its supportive care in the aged. Part III: Studies related to knowledge of caregivers of aged on functional problems and its supportive care. Part I: General information about ageing, functional disability and its supportive care. Ageing is the process of optimizing opportunities for health, participation and security in order to enhance quality of life as people age. It applies to both individuals and population groups. Ageing allows people to realize their potential for physical, social, and mental well-being throughout the life course. According to Stephan John. (2009) Ageing is denoted as, Young old 65-74 yrs. Middle old 75-84 yrs. Older old 85 and older Darnton. (1995),emphasized that quality of old age people depends mainly on psychological well being, perceived health status with independency in meeting self care needs. Normal Ageing process: The ageing process creates profound changes that there will be 1-2% decline in functional ability per year. Normal Ageing brings about the changes in physiological, Social and Psychological well being Judith A. McCann. (2003) Physiological aging process: Changes in body composition, reduction in bone mass and strength, reduction in blood volume, reduced motility of the large bowel, changes in autonomic function, reduced elasticity of eye lens, high tone hearing impairment and reduced motor and sensory function. Social and psychological aging process: Feeling of distress, anxiety regarding their future, loneliness, depression, grief, sadness, and social isolation. However, some of the above effects of ageing can be slowed by engaging in interventions that improves outcome in the health events. Functional disability in the aged is defined as an acquired difficulty in performing basic everyday tasks or more complex tasks needed for independent living. It is an important health indicator in the aged, jeopardizing quality of life and causing heavy social impact with long-term institutionalization and increased use of medical care. Reducing functional disability in the aged is a major challenge for public health- Frazil.(2005), performance in functional disability includes three dimensions: physical, emotional, and mental performance. Physical performance relates to the bodys sensory and motor function. Emotional performance is measured through the individuals adaptation to various events in their lives. Mental performance is evaluated through tests that measure the individuals intellectual and rational capacity. The causative factors for functional disability are as follows: Vision problems, hearing problems, loss of control in body movements, memory impairment, functional immobility, difficulties in performing daily activities, lack of physical exercises, coexisting illness, psychological problems and family support. The effects of fundamental disability include walking, lifting objects, climbing stairs, reading standard-size print and hearing disturbances, short-term memory loss, disturbance in daily activities, disorientation to time and place, reducing mobility and social activities. The care necessary for the effects of functional disability are early rehabilitation with adequate nutrition, fluids, range of motion exercise, second hourly position changing; skin care, reviewing medical follow up, providing assistive devices, assisting in daily activities, emotional support, engaging in social activities, promoting comfort and psychological support. By over viewing the various informations regarding functional disability in the aged will thereby helps the caregivers to prevent further complications and also provide supportive care for the aged. Part III: Studies related to functional disability and its supportive care in the aged. Felix. (2001) stated that disability is systemic; no body system is immune to its effect. From his statement it is evidenced that meeting the self care activities and physical maintenance are essential for managing the effects of disability. Nandi Manju. (2002) stated that as ageing increases there will be decline in functional ability, which is compromised with good nutrition, assistive support, with psychosocial concerns and with medical care. Steffen Been. (2005) proposed a statement that there will de decline in cognitive and functional abilities of old age due to continuous degeneration of numerous brain cells which aid them to obtain a fully dependable care from caretakers. Frey. (2006) stated that decreased level of physical activity and growing number of chronic illness that often increase with age, frequently create vicious circle of illness, and related functional disabilities that has adverse effect on activities of daily living. In this statement, he highlighted that decrease in functional ability makes the individual to become more dependent and need constant support and supervision. McDougall.(2006) conducted a cohort study to identify the prevalence of memory impairment among 265 older adults by means of survey method and the results showed that 29.4% (78 individuals) of them had memory impairment in the later adult period .He also concluded that those with declining memory are less aware of their deficits in meeting activities of daily living. Human research center for ageing.(2006) stated that immobilization, loss of control in body movements and falls need not to be the consequence of living to advanced age all this may be prevented through muscle strengthening and range of motion exercise which has reported benefits of spontaneous activity by the old age people. Stark.et.al.(2007) conducted a correlational study to assess the health status of functionally disabled aged under the supervision of institution and family by means of health indicator assessment scale and the results showed that the older adults who receiving the care such as adequate nutrition, fluids, range of motion exercise, second hourly position changing, skin care, reviewing medical follow up and participating in family activities are in the family are having moderate health status than the older adults in the institutionalized care. Zbylut j. (2007) conducted a national survey to evaluate the health status of older persons and prevalence of common health problems among elderly above 60 years. The survey results shows that a large number of older persons were suffering from one of more age-associated chronic diseases like osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, dental problems, visual problems, cognitive impairment and depression which may impair their functional ability and quality of life. Kart berg. et.al (2010) conducted a descriptive study to assess the functional ability among the aged by means of questionnaire in the aspects of physical, mental and social abilities and the study concluded that low functional ability lead to dependency and stressful environment for the aged which again increase the risk of complications. Lawton and Brody.(2010) described that assessment of functional ability often includes evaluation of individuals ability to carry out activities of daily living which is an early sensitive indicator to promote quality of life of old age people. From the above studies the investigator identifies the prevalence, impact of functional disability in the aged and the important aspects of supportive care for the aged. It helped to formulate the need for the study and also helped to identify the major areas which should be included while formulating the objectives. Part IV: Studies related to knowledge of caregivers of aged on selected functional problems and its supportive care. Skalska.et.al. (2007) conducted a cohort study with the aim to evaluate the knowledge on various areas of functional problems among 62 caregivers of aged at risk by means of questionnaire and the samples are (78% family members and 22% non related) results revealed that only 41% caregivers had knowledge on functional problems such as (vision, hearing, and memory problems in the aged) and 59% were not aware of functional problems mainly in cognitive and social problems. Chelma.et.al. (2009) conducted a explorative study to identify the measures on management of functional problems of elderly among 629 caregivers by means of check list, the result revealed that 47% of them were aware on the common measures and 53% were unaware on common measures on management of functional problems among elderly. Through these studies the investigator understands the importance of caregivers awareness on functional disability in the aged and its supportive care which helped me to formulate the tool. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY This study was undertaken to assess the knowledge on functional disability in the aged and its supportive care among caregivers at selected settings in Chennai. This chapter on methodology includes research approach, research design, setting, population, criteria for selection of sample, sample size, sampling technique, data collection tool, development and description of the tool, validity of the tool, pilot study, data collection procedure and plan for data analysis. RESEARCH DESIGN A non experimental descriptive design was chosen for this study. RESEARCH APPROACH Research approach was descriptive in nature. SETTING OF THE STUDY The setting of the study was chosen on the basis of feasibility, in terms of availability of adequate samples from hospitals and community. Voluntary Health Services Hospital, Adyar, Chennai. Dr.Kamakshi Memorial Hospital, Pallikaranai, Chennai. Community- Thoraipakkam and Navalur. POPULATION FOR THE STUDY The population of the study consists of the caregivers of the aged in selected hospitals and in the community. SAMPLE OF THE STUDY The caregivers of the aged within the selected hospital and in the community who have fulfilled the inclusion criteria. CRITERIA FOR THE SELECTION OF SAMPLES Inclusion criteria: The caregivers who are taking care of the aged with functional disability. The caregivers in the age group of above 20 yrs. Both male and female caregivers of aged people. Caregivers who are willing to participate. Exclusion criteria: The caregivers who are included in the pilot study. The caregivers of the aged who are independent in doing their daily activities. Care givers who do not understand and communicate in Tamil or English. SAMPLE SIZE The sample size of this study is 60 caregivers of the aged people at selected settings, Chennai. SAMPLING TECHNIQUE Purposive sampling technique is used in this study. DATA COLLECTION TOOL The data was collected from the caregivers using semi-structured interview schedule. DESCRIPTION OF THE TOOL The tool prepared in this study was based on the information gathered from the review of literature; objectives of the study and the personal and professional experience of the investigator. It consists of two parts Part I: It consists of demographic variables like age, gender, marital status, educational status, occupation, family income, type of family, any previous experience of taking care of the aged, relationship with the client, hours spent in the care of the aged person, any previous information on functional disability and supportive care, history of any present disease in aged person and degree of physical dependency of the aged. Part II: It consists of 11 questions which have three parts to assess the knowledge on functional disability in the aged and its supportive care among caregivers using semi-structured interview schedule. SCORING PROCEDURE: In part II: In first question, part (A) the correct option carries one mark; the incorrected option carries zero mark. In part (B) each option carries one mark. For all other question from (2 to 11), The first part of each question carries one mark for each YES option and no mark for NO options. And the second and third part of each question carries one mark for each option. Thus a total of 101=10 for first part of question 461=46 for second part question 381=38 for third part question Total of 94 marks will be awarded under the knowledge regarding functional disability in aged and its supportive care among caregivers. It is interpreted in percentage as: Adequate knowledge : Greater than 75% Moderate knowledge : 50-75% Inadequate knowledge : Less than 50% VALIDITY OF THE TOOL The tool used in this study was validated by the experts in the field of general medicine and Medical surgical nursing. PILOT STUDY The pilot study was conducted in Voluntary health service hospital, Dr.Kamakshi memorial hospital, Thoraipakkam and Navalur community area, Chennai from 20.7.12 to 25.7.12 after obtaining the permission from the respective heads of the organization. Totally 6 caregivers (2 from each of the hospitals and community area) who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected purposively, to generalize the study. A

The Absolute Evil of Iago in Shakespeares Othello Essays -- Essays on

The Absolute Evil of Iago in Othello    What marks consummate villainy is the willingness to be absolutely evil-to have no qualms about being diabolical and no strains of human morality.   Because feeling for another leads one to experience guilt, even an iota of empathy is a character flaw that will lead to the downfall of a villain.   To succeed, the villain needs to emulate the character Iago in Othello, who consistently works his evil throughout the whole play and does not slip until the end, when there is simply no way he can turn the situation to his advantage.   Iago is a model for the ultimate villain because he operates on a self-styled level of morality, such that he never doubts his actions, however diabolical the actions seem to the audience.   The rational person is capable of this emulation, for rationality is the ability to reason out a new and yet coherent order: a new order of values and beliefs that constitute his own system of mores.   Convinced of this self-devised system, the villain is able to convincingly impose it upon others and therefore, to manipulate them towards advancing his cause.   Reason also empowers the villain with an aptitude for discerning an order in the midst of chaos and turning adversity into good fortune. With a self-defined strand of logic and reasoning, the villain fashions a code of 'ethics' and 'morality' fitting to his purposes, which makes his malice tolerable to him.   The rational mind can utilise logic and reasoning to arrange values and beliefs in an order that is credible, and therefore irrefutable to the self.   Reasonable, therefore believable and irrefutable-this customised moral code is convincing, and from this conviction, the villain will not be bothered by the morality ... ..., Inc., n. d. Fergusson, Francis. "Macbeth as the Imitation of an Action." Shakespeare: The Tragedies. A Collectiion of Critical Essays. Alfred Harbage, ed. Englewwod Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. Frye, Northrop. Fools of Time: Studies in Shakespearean Tragedy. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1967. Greenblatt, Stephen. "Introduction to Macbeth." The Norton Shakespeare. New York: Norton, 1997. 2555-63. Knights, L.C. "Macbeth." Shakespeare: The Tragedies. A Collectiion of Critical Essays. Alfred Harbage, ed. Englewwod Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1964. Lamb, Charles. On the Tragedies of Shakespeare. N.p.: n.p.. 1811. Rpt in Shakespearean Tragedy. Bratchell, D. F. New York, NY: Routledge, 1990. Mack, Maynard. Everybody's Shakespeare: Reflections Chiefly on the Tragedies. Lincoln, NB: University of Nebraska Press, 1993.

Quantitative Methods

Decision Science Management: Please show all your work with the problems in steps but NOT just answers. 22. Reiser Sports Products wants to determine the number of All-Pro (A) and College (C) footballs to produce in order to maximize profit over the next four-week planning horizon. Constraints affecting the production quantities are the production capacities in three departments: cutting and dyeing; sewing; and inspection and packaging. For the four-week planning period, 340 hours of cutting and dyeing time, 420 hours of sewing time, and 200 hours of inspection and packaging time are available.All-Pro footballs provide of $5 per unit and College footballs provide a profit of $4 per unit. The linear programming model with production times expressed in minutes is as follows: Max 5A + 4C s. t. 12A + 6C 20,400 Cutting and dyeing 9A + 15C 25,200 Sewing 6A + 6C 12,000 Inspection and packaging A, C 0 A portion of the graphical solution to the Reiser problem is shown in Figure 2. 23 a. Shade the feasible region for this problem. b. Determine the coordinates of each extreme point and the corresponding profit.Which extreme point generates the highest profit? c. Draw the profit line corresponding to a profit of $4000. Move the profit line as far from the origin as you can in order to determine which extreme point will provide the optimal solution. Compare your answer with the approach you used in part (b). d. Which constraints are binding? Explain. e. Suppose that the values of the objective function coefficients are $4 for each All-Pro model produced and $5 for each College model. Use the graphical solution procedure to determine the new optimal solution and the corresponding value of profit.

Reward Impacts on Job Satisfaction

Reward means giving or receiving something for a desirable effort or behavior. In this essay, impacts of external rewards will be discussed, such as privileges, money and other incentive. Using reward policy could be beneficial to organizations as well as employees. As a matter of fact there are a lot of evidence that have been provided by researchers, which show the direct relation between reward, performance and job satisfaction. In contrast, punishment is found necessary to apply in order to balance the strategy. This essay will compare the use of reward and punishment as well as ageing how incentive is to apply reward strategy within the organization. The essay is divided into two parts: first it will show the impact of reward on the employee’s job satisfaction as well as performance. Secondly, how reward will fortify the sense of competition and productivity among the employees. Ultimately, the essay concludes that the reward has positive effect on the employee’s performance within an organization. Every organization’s success is so dependent on its staff performance and therefore, keeping those employees motivated should be in the organization priority’s list. Much research has been conducted to explore the relationship between reward and performance. kilman(1989) found positive relation is so perceivable between reward and performance, however it was more specific in management . † More specifically, the reward system should be aligned to motivate employee performance that is consistent with the firm's strategy†, (Galbraith, 1973 Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 4 No. 2, 2001, p. 114). Lazear (2000) shows significant positive effects of incentive pay on productivity (in the range of a 44-percent gain) in his unique dataset of a firm. These finding are all practical, reliable and applicable for organizations, hence employee’s level of performance can be increased by applying contingent reward in the organization’s strategy. Performance by employees is crucial to organization, so as employee job satisfaction, which is one of the incentive that helps to increase the employees to performance as well as encouraging them to focus more on their job. Like performance, employee’s job satisfaction can be increased by applying rewards. (Ritz,scott and cherrington, 1971). The reward can not increase the performance all the time but it always will increase the job satisfaction, therefore, based on the researches we could assume that the reward will fortify the employee’s satisfaction and since it benefits the organization by making its employee more committed and focus on their job, ultimately the organization’s yield will increase.

Learning the Birthday Song in German

Learning the Birthday Song in German The good news about singing Happy Birthday in Germany is that it is not hard at all. The reason is the bad news: The English version of Happy Birthday is commonly sung at German parties. Nevertheless, on occasion, you will hear it sung in German. There are a few main birthday songs in German. One common song is sung to the same tune as the English birthday song. The lyrics are as follows:   Zum Geburtstag viel Glà ¼ck, Zum Geburtstag viel Glà ¼ck, Zum Geburtstag alles Gute, Zum Geburtstag viel Glà ¼ck. Another birthday song that you will hear at times, especially at childrens birthday parties, is the one penned by Germanys favorite childrens singer, Rolf Zuckowski. Its called Wie schà ¶n, dass du geboren bist (Its great that you were born). Here are the lyrics to that song:   Wie schà ¶n, dass du geboren bist,   wir htten dich sonst sehr vermisst, wie schà ¶n, dass wir beisammen sind, wir gratulieren dir, Geburtstagskind. English Translation Its great that you were born. Otherwise, we would have missed you very much. Its great that were together.   We congratulate you, birthday child. Another traditional birthday song doesnt use the words happy birthday at all, yet its still common. For this version, sometimes the chair is lifted up while everybody sings along. Here are the lyrics to that song: Hoch soll sie/er leben!   Hoch soll sie/er leben! Dreimal hoch!   English Translation Long may she/he live! Long may she/he live! Three cheers! This song almost sounds like a chant. Listen to the tune here (and learn a few bonus phrases that are less commonly used but still amusing to memorize).   How to Say Happy Birthday in German When filling out the birthday card, there are several ways to wish someone a happy birthday. Two common expressions are:   Herzlichen Glà ¼ckwunsch zum Geburtstag.   Alles Gute zum Geburtstag. How Do Germans Celebrate Birthdays? Learn more about typical German birthday customs here.

The Platonic and Aristotelian Conception of the Soul

The Platonic and Aristotelian Conception of the Soul The concept of the soul has long been open to many interpretations. The meaning of Soul in modern times differ significantly from its meaning many years ago. Two great philosophers Plato and his pupil Aristotle offer interesting insights into the idea of the soul in ancient Greek times. Although both philosophers existed in the same time period, both offered different perspectives towards the definition and the functions of the soul. Many areas of their theories are quite similar in theme, however, Aristotle seemed to have adjusted or perhaps refined many of the Platonic theories on the soul. Themes such as immortality, functionality, and knowledge are all present in both philosophical works but each philosopher offers a different perspective. Plato's conception of the soul is an integral part of works, The Republic, and Phaedo. The microcosm and macrocosm analogies between an individual and the state are evident throughout the books of The Republic.PLATO_June_29_2005Plato examines t he theory on the soul and the interrelations between the soul and justness. In his other dialogue Phaedo, Plato examines the immortality of the soul and its relationship with the body. Aristotle's book On The Soul examines many of the topics addressed by Plato and offers new insights and opposing theories on Plato's conception of the soul. One may perhaps view Aristotle's work as a progression or refinement of his teachers work. The theory of the soul is an ageless matter and many of the best thinkers have speculated on its identity, property, and functionality. Plato and Aristotle, two of the great thinkers of their time have attempted to address this issue and have definitely affected the way future scholars view the matters of the soul.Plato shares his idea and conception of the soul in his dialogues The Republic and...

How to Write an Excellent “Why Tufts” Essay

How to Write an Excellent â€Å"Why Tufts† Essay SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips If you're applying to Tufts University, you should already have an answer to "Why Tufts?" But answering the "Why Tufts?" essay question as part of your application requires more than acknowledgement that it's a good school. Whether you attend because Tufts has some of the happiest studentsor because you want the prestige of attending a well-regarded research university, this guide to the "Why Tufts" essay prompts will guide you through the requirements, expectations, and strategies you need to write an exemplary essay. Feature Image:HereToHelp/Wikimedia Commons What's the Purpose of a "Why This School?" Essay? To craft a good "Why Tufts?" essay, you need to understand the prompt. It's not about listing a school's qualifications or discussing how beautiful the campus is- a good essay will explain not just why the school is good, but why the school is goodfor you. This essay is a common one at many schools. Colleges want to know what brings you to them specifically, including what interest you and how you'll contribute to the student body. Though the question of "why" may feel simple, it's a lot more complex than it appears at first glance. First of all, the college admissions office wants to know what sets their school apart from others. In Tufts' case, that could be their history as a research university, which puts undergrads in closer contact with graduate students, encouraging more communication between people in different fields of study. It could also be their emphasis on interdisciplinary studies, or a positive experience you had while touring the campus. Use the question of "why" as a starting point. Don't stop at, "because I like that I can study engineering and English." Develop that idea further- What does that mean to you? Why does it matter?The "Why This College?" essay also invites students to think about how they'll fit into the academic environment. Schools want to know that you're a good fit- it's to their benefit to recruit students who are passionate and committed to getting the most out of their college education. If it wasn't, Tufts wouldn't have an acceptance rate of just 18 percent. They want students who will contribute to the learning environment and bring creativity, innovation, and curiosity to the classroom. Read and understand Tufts' mission statement before writing your essay so you're informed about what these traits mean, and how you can contribute to realizing their vision as a student.But it's not just about whether you'll fit in- it's also important that Tufts is a good fit for you. That doesn't mean having your major or whatever clubs you might want to join, but also that your goals align with theirs. The interdisciplinary approach isn't right for every student, and others may prefer the more classic separation of undergrads and graduate students. Having a clear idea aboutyour goals as well as theirs will help you excel, and Tufts will appreciate the clarity. Your "Why Tufts?" essay isn't just good for the school, it's good for you, too. When you think deeply about why you want to attend a particular school, it makes you even more excited to attend, and that passion is precisely what schools want to see. Thinking in-depth about your college choices also makes you learn more about them, and that's instrumental for choosing the right school. As you're thinking about your Tufts essay, you might learn things about the school that may not be a good fit, and it's better to learn that now than six months after you've moved onto campus. Though one or two missed checkboxes in your dream school criteria isn't necessarily a reason to pull your application, having realistic expectations for your college experience will set you up for a more positive time at the school of your choice. This question has levels. What Is the "Why Tufts?" Essay Really Asking? "Why Us?" essays may look as if they're asking a simple question- why do you want to attend this school- but there's more to it than that. These essays are also often asking one of two questions: "why us?" or "why you?" In essence, these essays want you to describe why they're the right school for you, or why you're the right student for them. Paying attention to how the question is framed will give you a better sense of what kind of answer they're looking for, which will help you shape your essay. Tufts actually has two versions of the "Why Us?" essay, depending on which department you're applying to. Each one asks a different version of the question, with one version emphasizing your role as a student in a community ("Why You?") and what appeals to you about the school ("Why Us?"). To figure out which one you'll be responding to, use Tufts' Majors and Minors page. This tool allows you to select which programs you're interested in and displays the school department beneath. If You're Applying to the School of Arts and Sciences, School of Engineering, or 5-Year Tufts/NEC Combined Degree: This prompt has a 200 to 250 word limit, and asks, "What excites you about Tufts' intellectually playful community? In short, 'Why Tufts?'" Notice the use and placement of "you" in this prompt- though it's certainly about Tufts, this prompt is specifically asking "what excitesyou," making it a "Why You?" style question. Tufts gives you an important characteristic of the school- the "intellectually playful community- and asks what excites you about it. When you answer, consider what such a community will add to your educational experience, and how you will add to it. This idea of playful intellectualism is core to the student experience at Tufts, so it needs to be a prominent feature of your essay. When you're brainstorming ideas, think about things that excite you about learning, and how Tufts will help connect you with them. If You're Applying to the BFA or 5-Year BFA+BA/BS Combined Degree at the SMFA: This prompt, also 200 to 250 words, asks, "Which aspects of the Tufts curriculum or undergraduate experience prompt your application? Why SMFA at Tufts?" This question still asks about your application, but pay attention to the focus- it's more on the side of "Why Us?" than "Why You?" because of its emphasis on the Tufts curriculum and experience. Your answer should discuss what draws you to this program in particular. Think beyond it being a prestigious school- why Tufts, as opposed to any other good college? Why Tufts, and not Columbia? Look through their mission statement, the experiences of other applicants, and preferably visit the campus for a tour to help you better explain why this school draws you in over others. Because you're applying to the SMFA, you need to know what that is and how it differs from the rest of Tufts University. Why this program specifically? What will the SMFA add to your experience that education at a different school would not? Get your hot beverage and motivational blocks out, because it's time to write. How to Write your "Why Tufts?" Essay, Step by Step With only 200 to 250 words to answer these prompts, you'll likely need to go through multiple essay drafts to get your response into prime shape. Not only do you have a low word count, but these are also complex topics. Though planning might feel like more work in the short term, it'll help you write a stronger essay from beginning to end. Step 1: Brainstorming Start by reading the question. Not just reading the words that are there, butreally striving to understand the question beyond the prompt. Is it asking "why us?" or "why you?" Spend some time writing down different potential angles, then sort through them to find the one that works best for you. Your essay should be clear and specific to Tufts- if you can substitute in the name of another school and have it make sense, your essay isn't specific enough. During brainstorming, come up with as many ideas as you can. Set a timer for five to ten minutes, and think of lots of different answers to the prompt. Don't worry if they're kind of out there or undeveloped; you can always cut them or expand later! For the first prompt, consider how you will participate in and contribute to the atmosphere of intellectual playfulness.Think about classes you might take, such as "Ephemeral Objects," a course about temporary sculptureslike those made of chocolate, or "Microbiology of Food," covering the role of microbes in how we cultivate and consume food. What appeals to you about classes like these? How do they fit into the idea of intellectual playfulness? What do you stand to gain from them, as opposed to a course simply on sculpture or microbiology? Cite specific moments from tours, if you've taken them. If you haven't taken a tour, you could refer to alumni who inspire you, courses you find on the website, or other features unique to Tufts. "Unique" is key- whatever you say, Tufts' curriculum, mission, or other specific features should support it.For example, you could mention the school's emphasis on interdisciplinary learning. Does it matter to you that your education at Tufts will be inclusive of other disciplines rather than focused entirely on your field? Why or why not?For the second prompt, "Why SMFA?" consider the program and what makes you want to be part of it. Why an art degree? Why an art degree at Tufts? Why an art degree at Tufts in the SMFA program, specifically? These might seem like redundant questions, but considering every angle of "Why SMFA?" will lead to a stronger essay. Look through the course catalog and see what it has to offer- courses like "Creative Futures: Business Essentials for Artists" are unique to this program, and it's worth understanding what they offer that other programs don't. Tying that into your essay along with why you want an art degree proves that you're serious about your discipline and understand what exactly Tufts will add to your education. Also consider how the SMFA and Tufts University intersect. SMFA is a school within a school, and it's important to understand how it differs from the School of Arts and Sciences. Again, cite moments from a tour if you can, or be specific about particular artists, artworks, or other features of Tufts that inspire you to attend there. The more you can tie your response specifically to Tufts rather than any other school, the better. When revising, cut all this extra stuff out of your draft. Step 2: Avoid Generalities When writing, avoid being too general. Again, if you can substitute in the name of another school and have your essay still make sense, you need to make it more specific. The question is, "Why Tufts?" so be sure that you answer that as thoroughly as possible- within your 200 to 250 words. Some students default to talking about sports or campus appearance to set the stage. Avoid that, if you can. Tufts already knows about their sports teams and how pretty the campus is, and if other people are doing it, you don't want to follow suit. Your essay should be uniquely you! "Why Tufts?" may be the question, but avoid being too shallow. Think beyond academics and reputation; your essay should consider how Tufts will help you, and how you'll help Tufts. Step 3: Write Efficiently The essay is short, so you're really going to have to hone in on one particular feature or event. Be prepared to edit and revise multiple times- have people you trust look over it and give you feedback, and do your best to follow it. Eliminate extra words; in the first sentence in the previous paragraph, I could easily change "you're really going to have to hone," into "you'll have to hone" and save myself three words. It's a small change, but three words means a lot when you only have 250! Summarize any experience you want to draw on quickly so you have time to talk about why it matters. Be brief; you want to expand where it matters rather than spending a lot of time on scenic details ("The sun was rising as I first arrived in Medford, my hands trembling from nervousness and too much coffee on an empty stomach," is great detail, but if it's not telling the school "Why Tufts?" then it has to go!). Everything should be pulling weight in your argument rather than taking up space. Go through this list as you're writing to keep yourself on track. "Why Tufts?" Essay Writing Checklist As you progress through each draft, run through this checklist to be sure you're on target. Are You Being Specific? Can you rewrite the essay with the name of another college? If you can, be more specific. Have You Mentioned Real-Life Experiences? Tying your essay to a specific, real-life experience (such as a tour of the college) or a person (a representative of Tufts that you've spoken with, someone who's graduated, or similar) gives it more specificity. Concrete detail will make your essay feel more solid. Have You Answered What Makes the School Special? Think beyond academics, sports, or prestige. What makes Tufts the right school for you above all others? Why not Columbia, UC Berkeley, or the University of Minnesota? You don't have to answer 'why not?' in your essay, but you should know the answer when you're writing. Have You Connected What Makes the School Special to Your Interests? Readers should be able to draw a clear line from the answer to "Why Tufts?" to you as a student. Okay, so you met an adviser who not only got your love of botany, but who understood exactly how a love for grass-type Pokemon led you to pursue gardening and eventually botany. What does this mean to you, and how does it contribute to your desire to attend Tufts? Have You Demonstrated an Understanding of School Culture? Tufts is quite clear about their campus culture- intellectual curiosity, research, and interdisciplinary learning are all core parts of their mission. If you can demonstrate this in your essay, you'll be set to impress! Reading work from current Tufts Students gives you insight into what the college is looking for. What Does a Great "Why Tufts?" Essay Look Like? One of the best ways to understand what Tufts is looking for in responses to their "Why Tufts?" prompts is to see what people who have gotten in have written. Thankfully, Tufts makes this easy, putting several essays that worked online for you to read. As a girl interested in computer science it's common when visiting university websites to utter "you go, girl" to the lone female faculty member smiling proudly amidst a male-dominated CS department. However, Tufts is a unique community that not only encourages minorities in STEM, but actively recruits female faculty like the spunky and inspirational activist/engineer/professor/entrepreneur Dr. Laney Strange, who I met at Girls Who Code. With my passions ranging from multimedia art to Latin American culture to CS, Tufts excites me since it's where diverse interests are celebrated and where I can have stimulating conversations with anyone I meet on campus. Let's go through this essay using our checklist to understand exactly why it worked. Are You Being Specific? Notice how this essay uses specific faculty (and a specific experience with that faculty member) to discuss what appeals to the writer about Tufts. Substituting the name of another school in for Tufts wouldn't work, because this essay goes out of its way to be clear that this is something Tufts offers that other colleges don't. Have You Mentioned Real-Life Experiences? Participating in Girls Who Code not only demonstrates the writer's interest in computer science, but also gives her a connection to the school beyond its reputation. That tie to Tufts gives her some additional insight into campus culture. Have You Answered What Makes the School Special? This writer frames her essay around empowering women in computer sciences, but, more importantly, how Tufts excels in a way that many schools do not. Have You Connected What Makes the School Special to Your Interests? As a female computer sciences student, prominent female faculty in the CS department is clearly important to the writer- something that comes through because of how neatly she ties her field to her specific experience and again to Tufts. Have You Demonstrated an Understanding of School Culture? The writer not only cites female faculty in the CS department, but also the school’s interdisciplinary education. She clearly has a familiarity with Tufts educational goals, making this essay an excellent example of not just, â€Å"Why Tufts?† but also â€Å"Why You?† Another writer answered the "Why SMFA?" prompt like this: As an artist, I believe that one's work should reflect the world beyond it. Thus, I'm most attracted to Tufts SMFA's combination of rigorous artistic study with a challenging liberal arts curriculum at the School of Arts and Sciences. I want to inform my art-making with in-depth exploration of sociology, justice, and international relations, creating works that comment on global issuesa prospect uniquely possible at Tufts SMFA. With numerous opportunities for combining art and community work on campus and in Boston, the SMFA program shows art isn't only meant for the classroom; it's meant for the world. Are You Being Specific? This student shows familiarity with the specifics of SMFA, the kind of works the organization produces and showcases, and also how the program is also part of the larger Massachusetts community. While many schools have great art programs, the specificity here ties it uniquely to Tufts. Have You Mentioned Real-Life Experiences? The previous essay mentioned faculty the student had met with, which isn’t always possible. This student may not have had the opportunity to tour campus or meet with representatives, but they still go out of their way to situation Tufts within a place- the wider area of Massachusetts. The more specific you can get, especially mentioning a community, as this writer did, the better. Have You Answered What Makes the School Special? The last line is particularly good, as it starts out quite specific and balloons out to a wider statement about art’s place in the world. The mentions of SFMA’s â€Å"rigorous artistic study† in conjunction with the â€Å"challenging liberal arts curriculum† show that the student has a good understanding of what this program entails, and how it will help them reach their goals. Have You Connected What Makes the School Special to Your Interests? This essay doesn’t mention a particular field, but it does begin with a statement- †I believe that one’s work should reflect the world beyond it†- and then goes on to demonstrate how that’s true of Tufts. This short essay reads a bit like a condensed five-paragraph essay: thesis, supporting details, and conclusion that tie the whole theme together. Have You Demonstrated an Understanding of School Culture? References to SFMA and the School of Arts and Sciences curriculashow that the student knows the difference between the two and how they feed into one another. They’ve clearly done their homework, and it shows in a polished, well thought-out essay that got them into Tufts! What’s Next? The "Why Tufts?" essay is just one of the essays you'll be writing for your application. It pays to understand them ahead of time, so check out this handy guide! (coming soon) If you need help writing essays for other colleges, this compilation of tips and tricks will help get your writing on track. Tufts University uses the Common Application, so you'll also be writing essays in response to those prompts as well. This guide will help walk you through the Common Application prompts as well as best practices for answering them! Want to write the perfect college application essay? Get professional help from PrepScholar. Your dedicated PrepScholar Admissions counselor will craft your perfect college essay, from the ground up. We'll learn your background and interests, brainstorm essay topics, and walk you through the essay drafting process, step-by-step. At the end, you'll have a unique essay that you'll proudly submit to your top choice colleges. Don't leave your college application to chance. Find out more about PrepScholar Admissions now:

The Generation Y of China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Generation Y of China - Research Paper Example The government of China uses media to govern the thoughts, emotions, and opinions of all people of China in generation and the generation Y of China in particular. The government of China is schizophrenic about the policy of media as the government â€Å"GOES BACK AND FORTH, TESTING THE LINE, KNOWING THEY NEED PRESS FREEDOM--AND THE INFORMATION IT PROVIDES--BUT WORRIED ABOUT OPENING THE DOOR TO THE TYPE OF FREEDOMS THAT COULD LEAD TO THE REGIME'S DOWNFALL† (Economy cited in Bennett para. 3). The government of China uses different kinds of methods to compel the journalists to impose the censors instead of acquiring the risk of punishment. The tactics used by the government include but are not limited to demotions and dismissals, suing the journalists for the libel, fining the journalists, and shutting the news outlets down. In addition to that, many journalists who have been considered to be overstepping the boundaries established by the government to educate the generation Y a nd provide them with unbiased information and facts have been imprisoned. â€Å"AS OF DECEMBER 2012, CHINA WAS THIRD TO IRAN AND TURKEY FOR MOST JAILED JOURNALISTS IN A SINGLE COUNTRY WITH AT LEAST THIRTY-TWO JOURNALISTS IMPRISONED† (Bennett para. 18). The government of China controls China’s Generation Y through media. ... 9). The Generation Y cannot tell what content is being hidden by the censors. The manipulations, in certain cases are subtle. This is evident from the fact that trying to use Google.cn to search the â€Å"Republic of China† leads them to the results about the history of China between 1912 and 1949 when the communists were not empowered and the mainland was referred to as the â€Å"Republic of China† whereas use of the same keywords on Google.com leads them to the sites in Taiwan. The Generation Y of China lives in a suppressed condition in an authoritarian state wherein the constitutionally paramount authority is the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). Members of the CCP possess nearly every top position in such institutions as military, police, and government. â€Å"REPRESSION AND COERCION, PARTICULARLY AGAINST ORGANIZATIONS AND INDIVIDUALS INVOLVED IN RIGHTS ADVOCACY AND PUBLIC INTEREST ISSUES, WERE ROUTINE† (â€Å"China (includes Tibet† para. 2). The authori ties impose tight restrictions on the freedom of practicing religion, assembling, and traveling of the members of the generation Y of China who are deemed politically sensitive. â€Å"POLITICAL LEGITIMACY IN CHINA OVER THE PAST THREE DECADES HAS BEEN BUILT AROUND FAST ECONOMIC GROWTH, WHICH IN TURN HAS RELIED ON A CHEAP AND WILLING YOUNG LABOR FORCE† (Feng 244). In the recent years, the government’s efforts to solace the public interest lawyers and the political activists have increased and the authorities are increasingly making use of extralegal measures to prevent the expression of independent opinions by the public. Such extralegal measures include but are not limited to soft detention, enforced disappearance, and house arrest. In addition to

Walmart Vs. Target Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Walmart Vs. Target - Research Paper Example Company’s Profile Walmart Wal-Mart was founded in 1962 in Rogers, Ark by Sam Walton (Walmart Corporate Website, n.d.). Since the time when the first Walmart discount store has been opened, the company grew to 706 stores across the United States (Walmart Corporate Website, n.d.). Walmart’s headquarter is allocated in Bentonville, Arkansas (Walmart Corporate Website, n.d.). In 1969, the company incorporated as Wal-Mart Stores Inc. (Walmart Corporate Website, n.d.). Today the company operates in different formats, including Sam’s Club membership warehouse, supercenters, neighborhood markets, marketside and online stores. Envisioned 40 years ago Walmart’s mission of â€Å"saving people money to help them live better† continues to be an incentive for the overall company’s business operating. In addition to the mission statement, the company has developed the Walmart’s Ethical Standards Program and a strong ethical policy, focused mainly on the basic value of respect for all shareholders, including customers, associates, and suppliers (Walmart Corporate Website: Culture, n.d.). Target Target was founded in 1902 by George Draper Dayton and was called as the Dayton Dry Goods Company (Target Website: Our History, n.d.). The first Target store opened in Roseville, Minnesota, in 1962 (Target Website: Our Stores, n.d.). As of today, discount retailer has captured significant market share by having allocated about 1750 stores in 49 states (Target Website: Our Stores, n.d.). By doing business and developing strategic plans for the company, current Chairman, President and CEO of Target, Gregg Steinhafel, follows the idea that: â€Å"Diversity is much more than a goal or campaign; it is a core value of the giant retailer (Steinhagel, n.d.). The mission of the company is to â€Å"make Target the preferred shopping destination for its guests by delivering outstanding value, continuous innovation and an exceptional guest experien ce by consistently fulfilling its logo: Expect More. Pay Less (Target Website: Our Mission, n.d.). Besides its main activity, Target demonstrates a strong commitment to communities by providing support to: education activities, volunteerism, different social services, military and veteran assistance and some others (Target Website: Community Outreach, n.d.). Marketing strategies Walmart The key marketing strategy formulated as the Walmart’s logo was based on the principle: Always Low Prices, Always. Therefore, the company’s pricing strategy is to provide the goods sold at the lowest prices. To gain this competitive advantage the management of the company continuously works on the cost reduction programs. Additionally, in order to achieve the maximum amount of potential customers, Walmart began to focus its marketing strategy on different target markets, by differentiating its stores into: Walmart discount stores, Walmart supercenters, Walmart neighborhood markets, mark etside, and Walmart.com (Walmartstores Corporate Website, n.d.). While analyzing mainly the Walmart store format, it can be summarized that the size of an average store is 108  000 square feet; these stores are wide and clean; the aisles are brightly-lit and the shelves are stocked with various value-prices general merchandise product, including: family apparel, electronics, toys, health and beauty aids,

Architecture and History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Architecture and History - Essay Example Thus, the San Francisco Public Library remains to be one of the best examples of modern day architecture, which is characteristic of the most artistic era, the Renaissanceperiod, through its basic features such as the columns, the arches, the symmetry etc. The San Francisco Public Library is basically a civic building, which means it was mainly built with the public in mind. Thus, rather than merely providing a place with â€Å"a stack, a counter and a table† that define ‘library’ for some people, Kelham went the extra mile and turned the area of above 375000 square feet into an architectural bliss (Allen â€Å"photo_2_12_†). The hard work that went behind its engineering are proven from the sheer beauty of the library both in terms of its exterior as well as interior design. The library is built in the civic center, which is located at the heart of the San Francisco City, and is thus easily accessible to the general public. As the building finds its roots in the Italian Renaissance, it becomes clear that it takes inspiration from ancient Roman and Greek architecture. Although much of the architecture and design of ancient civilizations was lost due to the perils of time, their ruins retained the basic features of designing and this is what shaped the renaissance architecture. The main features of buildings belonging to that period include symmetry, use of columns as well as arches and domes. These features can be primarily traced back to the Roman Coliseum, which was a theatre as well as a stadium all in one.It was a civic building, which mainly aimed at the entertainment of the ruler but at the same time, the public too. Thus, it may be also perceived as a commercial building too as the profit generated from the entry fees mainly goes to the ruler. However, as time passed by the public’s worship shifted from the ruler tothat of the gods and religious beliefs. It can be seen that the usage of the civic buildings changed from t hat of entertainment to religious purposes. Thus, later on these attributes became to be increasingly used in the construction of religious monuments. Through this transition in the usage of the buildings, it actually made the ancient architectural citation more significant as during that time it was religion that ruled the public. Therefore, the aforementioned characteristicswere seen to be widely present in the churches constructed in the Italian Renaissance period.These churches had arches representative through a centralized door as well as rows of windows. This same attribute is intrinsic to the San Francisco Public Library with its arched doorways and windows. However, the library has its own style in the sense that it also contains rectangular windows on the top floor. On the other hand, these features were also present in ancient Greek ruins of temples, which were needless to say, built for religious purposes. For example, the temples built in Athens and other such areas bas ically involved the use of columns and entablature that consisted of architrave, frieze and cornice. Additionally, columns, which were an important part of these religious buildings, were mainly of three types, namely, the Doric, Ionic and Tuscan. On analysis of the columns of the San Francisco Public Library, it becomes clear that the columns are of the Tuscan order as the columns are not fluted and are basically plain, and also due to the fact that they are built on a circular base rather than a rectangular one. Symmetry that was an important characteristic

GW F. Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche Essay

GW F. Hegel, Arthur Schopenhauer, Friedrich Nietzsche - Essay Example rt of a great consciousness we would not be so concerned with our individual freedom therefore, we would agree to act rationally in a way that does not follow our individual caprice that would help us achieve our goals and objectives. Hegel argued that the concept of â€Å"Geist† involves subjective spirit/mind that is the individual potential force, while Objective Spirit/Mind is the force in action and Absolute Spirit/Mind is the goal, aim or target of the force as well as the realization of one’s target. Objective Spirit and Absolute Spirit/Mind have a continuous cycle between them such that: the goals established, understood and represented by the Absolute Spirit govern, lead and motivate the action and dynamic of people in the objective spirit. Absolute Spirit/Mind encourages people to reflect upon their own practice, learn from it and overcome any limitations. Schopenhauer asserted the principle of work by emphasizing that the will is the inner nature of the body as an appearance in time and space, he concluded that the inner reality of all material appearance is dependent on the individual will. Considering the notion of will as the key to existence, Schopenhauer, who is considered to be a pessimistic philosopher, explained that the tragedy of life arises from the nature of the will which constantly urges the individual toward the satisfaction of successive goals, none of the goals can provide permanent satisfaction for the infinite activity of the life force or will. Schopenhauer claimed that some things such as interests and moral life based on sympathy, alleviates the suffering that people’s experience in their lives. The only thing that stands in our power to achieve, is to use the personal qualities we possess in the most advantageous way as possible and follow such pursuits only when will call then to play (Hegel 46). Friedrich Nietzsche argues that, it is our freedom, ability to make and implement our own choices that distinguishes us from

IKEA Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IKEA Analysis - Essay Example Retaining competitive advantage is inevitable for firms to ensure profitability. This can be achieved by implementing effective management strategies and processes that allow them to conduct a thorough internal analysis of their businesses, such as benchmarking, value chain analysis etc., to name a few. For the purpose of this paper, benchmarking as a method of internal analysis is used and applied on IKEA. The process of benchmarking is of vital significance for organizations today, since it affords them the ability to compare their performance with that of their rivals or similar processes within their own organizations. The process was first used and introduced by Xerox Corporation, with a view to gain competitive advantage over their rivals in the industry, and capitalize on their strengths by overcoming their weaknesses and limitations (Zairi, 1996). The process of benchmarking is evolutionary in nature, whereby the companies involved begin by analyzing the various internal proc esses employed by them, and seek improvements in areas identified as problematic, thus ensuring best practices within the organizations (Wireman, 2004). Definitions: The concept of benchmarking has been widely used within the field of management and is defined differently by different authors. According to Zairi (1996: 35) "A benchmark refers to something that serves as a standard by which others may be served". However one of the most commonly and widely used definitions of benchmarking is the one developed by Xerox, which states describes benchmarking as "the continuous process of measuring our products, services and practices against the toughest competitors or those companies recognized as industry leaders" (cited in Kozak, 2004: 5). 2. Introduction: The global furniture retail industry comprises of various stakeholders and players. IKEA is one such international furniture retail chains, which dominates the global furniture market. It was founded by a Swedish furniture manufactu rer, Ingvar Kamprad, in the year 1943 (IKEA, 2012a). IKEA today, has grown into a global retail brand, with as many as 131,000 employees working in 41 countries across the globe, generating annual sales worth 24.7 billion Euros (IKEA, 2012b). IKEA, as is apparent from the statistics mentioned above, has come to become one of the most globally trusted and appreciated brands in the retail furniture industry. However by the turn of the 20th century, several new players entered the industry, thus making it imperative for the existing businesses to improve and enhance their product capabilities in order to retain their competitive positioning in the industry. In present day competitive climate, the firms within the retail furniture industry are required to lower their costs, improve product range and quality, and cater to a wide consumer segment spread across the globe, in order to increase their profitability. The situation is worsened with the highly volatile external economic environm ent, making it difficult for firms to offer good quality products at lower prices. Its core business mantra is â€Å"Low prices with meaning† which drives them to strive for lowering the costs of their

Apple Employee Training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Apple Employee Training - Essay Example As per January 2014, the company had over 400 retail stores in more than 15 countries and an online store whereby hardware and software products are sold. However, despite the incredible growth the company has experienced over time, the is a pressing need to keep on training its employees in various departments in order to have a competitive edge over its close rivals like Microsoft, Dell, Samsung, Acer, Lenovo among other global technological giants. In the past, Apple Incorporation has been using a distribution channel that involved intermediaries in this case being authorized dealers. This strategy had proven to be a good idea in most parts of the world and particularly in the past when the company was under leadership of Steve Jobs. However, of late, the strategy has started backfiring as its close rivals adopt other strategies that are highly outdoing the company’s operations. One weakness that this channel of distribution has created is the fact that dealers do not know much about Apple products hence are completely unable to meet the requirements of the customers; they are unable to answer technical questions relating to the products (Apple, 2014). This has ended up making the company start opening its own physical and online stores in order to retain its market share in this competitive wave. As a result, the company requires training of cashiers, public relation personnel in their different stores, managers among human resources. Moreover, the company is under threat of being technologically dormant, a gap that is being created by the fact that its co-founder and a techno genius Steve Jobs is no longer in the management. This has made the company focus on training ambitious young persons in order to fill the gap that was created in hope that they will get another genius. However, this paper will focus on employees training with relation to public relation personnel, cashiers and other positions that

IKEA Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

IKEA Analysis - Essay Example Retaining competitive advantage is inevitable for firms to ensure profitability. This can be achieved by implementing effective management strategies and processes that allow them to conduct a thorough internal analysis of their businesses, such as benchmarking, value chain analysis etc., to name a few. For the purpose of this paper, benchmarking as a method of internal analysis is used and applied on IKEA. The process of benchmarking is of vital significance for organizations today, since it affords them the ability to compare their performance with that of their rivals or similar processes within their own organizations. The process was first used and introduced by Xerox Corporation, with a view to gain competitive advantage over their rivals in the industry, and capitalize on their strengths by overcoming their weaknesses and limitations (Zairi, 1996). The process of benchmarking is evolutionary in nature, whereby the companies involved begin by analyzing the various internal proc esses employed by them, and seek improvements in areas identified as problematic, thus ensuring best practices within the organizations (Wireman, 2004). Definitions: The concept of benchmarking has been widely used within the field of management and is defined differently by different authors. According to Zairi (1996: 35) "A benchmark refers to something that serves as a standard by which others may be served". However one of the most commonly and widely used definitions of benchmarking is the one developed by Xerox, which states describes benchmarking as "the continuous process of measuring our products, services and practices against the toughest competitors or those companies recognized as industry leaders" (cited in Kozak, 2004: 5). 2. Introduction: The global furniture retail industry comprises of various stakeholders and players. IKEA is one such international furniture retail chains, which dominates the global furniture market. It was founded by a Swedish furniture manufactu rer, Ingvar Kamprad, in the year 1943 (IKEA, 2012a). IKEA today, has grown into a global retail brand, with as many as 131,000 employees working in 41 countries across the globe, generating annual sales worth 24.7 billion Euros (IKEA, 2012b). IKEA, as is apparent from the statistics mentioned above, has come to become one of the most globally trusted and appreciated brands in the retail furniture industry. However by the turn of the 20th century, several new players entered the industry, thus making it imperative for the existing businesses to improve and enhance their product capabilities in order to retain their competitive positioning in the industry. In present day competitive climate, the firms within the retail furniture industry are required to lower their costs, improve product range and quality, and cater to a wide consumer segment spread across the globe, in order to increase their profitability. The situation is worsened with the highly volatile external economic environm ent, making it difficult for firms to offer good quality products at lower prices. Its core business mantra is â€Å"Low prices with meaning† which drives them to strive for lowering the costs of their

Social Issue Essay Example for Free

Social Issue Essay â€Å"We must learn to live together as brothers or perish together as fools. † As Martin Luther King Jr. once said, the world must go far beyond than our differences and we must love each other for what we are. And Afghanistan religion is not an exception. Amir is the son of Baba, a wealthy businessman and a Pashtun Muslim, he also goes to school, owns books and wears fancy outfits. Hassan, on the other side of the coin, is the son of Ali, a member of the Hazaras and Amir’s personal servant. He does not attend school and is analphabetic and wears pitiable clothes. And despite the fact they live in the same property, Amir’s dwelling is the most beautiful and opulent house in town, meanwhile the servant child lives in a humble cabin down by their garden. The Kite Runner clearly exposes the social inequality of Amir and Hassan upon the different lifestyles of the characters, the education they are given and of course the discrimination upon the ethnic groups they each belong to. The three main points already mentioned, clearly exemplify the immense social gap inside the Afghanistan culture. To begin with, the ethnic conflict and the discrimination issue in Afghanistan have been around from years in such culture. The Hazaras on one side, are the minority group among the society, they belong to the peasant class and throughout centuries, they have been persecuted and exterminated by the members of the nation’s ruling class: The Pashtuns. â€Å"Afghanistan is the land of Pashtuns. It always has been, always will be. We are the true Afghans, the pure Afghans† (Hosseini, K. (The Kite Runner), 2003 p. 22). Nevertheless, Amir and his father Baba are members of this religious sector; in fact, they are one of the wealthiest families in North Kabul. Hassan and Ali, on the other side, were part of the Hazaras and due to their Mongol features and cultural status, they constantly tend to receive social and physical discrimination. And although these two Islamic branches tend to live together assorted inside the same land, their social disparities are enormous. And which better example to portrayed this idea, than Hassan and Amir themselves. They both live in the same location and nearly eat the same food, but the society’s views about them are completely dissimilar. The Pashtun boy is seen as a fruitful and pure soul; however, Hassan is perceived as a filthy and foolish fellow with no certain future. Second of all, the education received by Amir is completely unlike the one given to Hassan. This Pashtun lad attends an upright school in Kabul, where he is taught how to write and read. At home, he frequently enjoys reading several sorts of tales and even writes his own short stories. Hassan’s education, however, was exactly the opposite: he doesnt know how to write or to read. He works most part of the day and attends no school at all. The only kind of â€Å"education† this poor Hazara child will ever obtain, is the one given by Amir from time to time, when he teaches him the definition of a few words from the books he reads to him. Just for the fact he belongs to a social minority, Hassan will never in his life do anything but to cook or clean before others. And no matter how hard he struggles, he will never be given the chance to attend any school, will never be given the chance to read and will never be given the chance to write. â€Å"After all, what use did a servant have for the written words? † (Hosseini, K. (The Kite Runner), 2003 p. 37). Pursuing this further, the Afghans kids’ lifestyles are completely unlike. When both lads get up in the morning they follow a very similar routine, however lived from utterly different perspectives. When Amir wakes up in the morning, he comfortably eats his breakfast. When Hassan wakes up, he prepares Amir’s breakfast. While Hassan makes his bed, polish his school shoes and ironed his uniform, Amir complains about homework and how tough is school. â€Å"When the sun dropped low behind the hills and we were done playing for the day, Hassan and I parted ways. I went past the rosebushes to Baba’s mansion and Hassan to the mud shack where he had been born, where he’d lived his entire life. † (Hosseini, K. (The Kite Runner), 2003 p. 24). This is one of the greatest example of the social disparity in Afghanistan, where the younger generation’s future is strictly related to the their religious group. Amir, for instance will have a successful life, crowded of opportunities and joyful moments, meanwhile Hassan will grow old enough to become dust in the wind. However, Amir and Hassan both grew under the same roof and spent the first twelve years of their lives playing together. They learned how to crawl together, they even taught each other how to ride a bicycle with no hands. They spent entire winters flying kites, running kites, watching westerns at the cinema and chasing each other between tangles of trees in Baba’s house. Never mind any of those things. Because history isn’t easy to overcome. Neither is religion. In the end, Amir was a Pashtun and Hassan was a Hazara, he was rich and he was poor, and nothing was ever going to change that. Nothing. Given these points, we can conclude the differences upon Amir’s and Hassan’s education, their unlike lifestyle and the discrimination throughout The Kite Runner’s main characters are undoubtedly originated upon their ethnical position. Just for the fact Hassan is not a Pashtun Muslim, just for the fact he belongs to social minority, just for the fact he is different, he is destined to live this rotten life eternally. However, Amir will be given the chance to live his own life. He will study hard and become one of the many wealthy men in Kabul. He will drive his opulent family in an opulent car to his opulent house, where Hassan and his child will be waiting for them inside their mud shack. The same mud shack where they have live their entire miserable life. It is incredible how the religious distinctions between them, greatly affect their existence. But it is a fact. The Pashtuns and the Hazaras discrimination in Afghanistan is happening. And no matter how hard they struggle, Amir and Hassan can not escape from this reality where each of these two innocent boys stands as an example of the social inequality in Afghanistan. Reference List: -Hosseini, K. (2003). The Kite Runner. New York: Riverhead.

The Fungus Rhizopus Stolonifer

The Fungus Rhizopus Stolonifer The fungus Rhizopus stolonifer is a widely distributed thread like mold which is commonly found upon bread surfaces and other food. This is why it has the common name of black bread mold. Due to the fact that it is so common and can easily grow upon bread substances it makes it a very appropriate fungal choice to experiment on. Rhizopus stolonifer grows rapidly when placed in a moist environment where the temperature stays between 15 and 30 degrees Celsius and can easily reproduce in these temperatures. Rhizopus stolonifer is capable of causing infections in humans and so it makes it appropriate to choose Dettol, Savlon, and Bleach as substances to apply to the fungus as these substances are known to kill pathogens, fungus and clean surfaces. Fungi are known to have a resistance to certain antiseptics however if sufficient concentration of a substance is added, the antiseptic can overcome such resistances. Aim: To determine the effect of certain household substances on the growth of the Rhizopus stolonifer fungus species. Hypothesis: From the research gathered in the literature review, it is expected that- if the variables of the fungus being tested such as species, size are kept constant- Dettol will have the greatest effect on the fungal growth. As it will most efficiently overcome the resistance of the cell membrane as it will be the the first to overcome the resistance of the cell membranes of the fungi due to two of its active ingrients (CHLOROXYLENOL and ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL). It is expected that Savlon will have little or no effect on fungal growth, as through previous research gathered ( stated in literature review) Savlon only has anti-bacterial properties. Literature Reviews: There is a research paper by Mahmood and Doughari from the African Journal of Biotechnology, from the Department of Microbiology, School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal University of Technology which was posted for peer review on 16 May 2008. It shows an experiment that was conducted in order to determine the effect of Dettol on the viability of some microorganisms associated with nosocomial infection such as Candidia albicans which is a fungus. The experiment sought to determine which concentration of Dettol the fungus would be more susceptible to destruction. Results showed that after adding Dettol little change occurred in the cell count of the fungus in 5 minutes however after 10 minutes there was a rapid decline in the cell count of the fungus. Cove and Holland suggested in 1983 that in order to completely kill all of the fungal cells, a sufficiently high concentration of the antiseptic must be in contact with the cells for longer than those cells resistance time. Cove and Holland also reported that microorganisms which were exposed to toxic agents will almost always show a constant death rate in the cells. Doughari found and then supported the idea of Cove who stated that there is a constant death rate of the cells when in prolonged contact with an antiseptic. What was good about the experiment/research? The same type of fungus was tested and all the fungi were grown to the same size. The fungi were all exposed to the same volume of antiseptic. Two types of water were used to dilute the Dettol. Bad things about the experiment/research: It was not repeated more than twice for each concentration. Our hypothesis stated that if fungi, with constant variables, were exposed to equal concentrations of Dettol, Savlon and Bleach, the Dettol would be the first substance to overcome the fungus resistance and therefore start decreasing the growth of the fungus by killing its cells. This report shows exactly how quickly the Dettol kills the cells and therefore supports our hypothesis. [1] Similarly there was another research paper by Emeka, Awodele, Agbamuche and Akintonwa which was peer review and posted on 16 April 2007 at the African Journal of Biotechnology, from the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Idi-Araba. University of Lagos, Nigeria. Which was all about the antimicrobial activities of some commonly used disinfectants on several bacteria and fungi such as Candilida albicans. They tested Savlon, Jik and Methylated Spirit. The experiment showed that Jik and Methylated Spirit had inhibitory activities on both fungi and bacteria however Savlon had only antibacterial activity. Good things about the experiment: They inoculated and incubated each of the fungi and bacteria before the experiment to keep them sterile and to avoid cross contamination. Constant variables such as temperature were kept constant. A control was introduced. Bad things about the experiment They did not repeat the experiment enough times. In our hypothesis we expected Savlon to be weaker as an antifungal substance compared to Bleach because through this research we have come to realise that there is a potential issue that no matter how concentrated the Savlon is, it proves to be unable to kill the cells of the fungus and therefore it has no effect on the growth of the fungus. However we will still be incorporating Savlon in our experiment in order to test whether this result was valid and correct. [2] There was a third journal which had a similar experiment which was conducted in Nigeria by Oyewale, Mojeed and Oladapo at the Department of Applied Sciences. The experiment tested the effectiveness of antiseptic substances such as Savlon and Bleach on fungal growth. The results matched their hypotheses: both Bleach and Savlon managed to completely kill off the mould. Existing knowledge is that Pelczar observed that there was an initial time which enables penetration of chemical agents into the fungal cells and then this will interfere with those cells protein synthesis. The results relate to our hypothesis because it shows that Bleach can act as an effective antifungal antiseptic and therefore there is the potential that our original hypothesis is valid and correct however it opposes the experiment results of Emeka, Awodele, Agbamuche and Akintonwas experiment which stated that Savlon has no effect upon fungal growth. [3] Method: Data Plan: We will measure the size of the fungi using a series of utensils such as a square cm grid, as well as using a ruler to measure the area regularly. The growth of the fungi will be monitored and recorded daily. Then once the fungi have grown to a useable size we will measure and record the size of each fungus in each Petri dish using the same methods as before. We will then trim the fungi which are too large as we need to keep size a constant. Temperature will remain constant as well as light available to the fungi. We will then record exactly what the concentration of substance used on each fungus. This will be constant for every dish. We will then measure the change that this substance causes every 30 min for 6 hours. We will leave the fungi for a week longer, recording results and appearances daily. After a week we will restart the experiment but increase the concentration of the substances added to the fungi. Method: Prepare the bread which will be used to grow the fungus by cutting one slice into 4 equal pieces and then removing the crusts on all pieces. In this way the type of bread, thickness and size of the slice and the age of the bread is kept constant. The size of the bread should be 5 x 5 cm however this will differ according to chosen bread size. Place one piece into each Petri dish. Label the dishes A-D. Contaminate each piece with chosen fungus by using sterilized instruments. Each bread piece must receive spores of the same species of fungus. Monitor the fungi growth for about two weeks until it has grown enough to undergo the experiment with. These dishes must be left in the same environment therefore keeping light and temperature equal for all dishes, preferably a temperature/light controlled room. Trim the larger grown fungi so that the size of the fungi is constant in all dishes however this is not strictly necessary. Record the size of the fungi. Prepare the household substances which you will be treating the fungi with. The concentration of substance to water must be equal for all the substances; therefore if one substance is mixed with water, then all are mixed with the same volume of water. Using substance A, place 2ml of substance on every 1cm of fungus growth in dish A. Do the same for dishes B and C. Place the same amount of sterilized water onto the fungus in dish D. Record the size of the fungi every 30 minutes for 8 hours. Take note of any other observational changes such as colour and smell. Note: Replace the lid on the Petri dish and place back in a light/temperature controlled room. After an hour, leave the fungi for the night and take notes the next day. Record size changes again if available. Do this every day for the rest of the week. After a week, clean up the dishes and sterilize all equipment. Repeat the experiments however use a stronger concentration of substances this time. Results: Table showing the results recordings every 30 minutes for the size changes in the fungi after 3 different substances were individually placed in contact with the fungus.